📚 Year 7 Cambridge Science: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | Year 7 剑桥科学：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in Year 7 Cambridge Science begins with mastering the essential vocabulary. Whether you are exploring cells, energy, or chemical reactions, understanding the terminology helps you think like a scientist and communicate your ideas clearly. This guide groups key terms by topic and pairs them with memory aids, visual hints, and simple explanations so you can recall them confidently in class and during assessments.
打好 Year 7 剑桥科学基础的第一步是掌握核心词汇。无论你是在探索细胞、能量还是化学反应，理解术语都能帮助你像科学家一样思考，并清晰地表达想法。本指南按主题分组列出关键术语，并配以记忆辅助、视觉提示和简明解释，让你在课堂和评估中自信回忆。
1. Essential Laboratory Equipment | 实验室基本器材
Bunsen burner – A gas burner that produces a hot, clean flame for heating substances. The air hole controls the flame colour: a closed air hole gives a yellow safety flame, while an open air hole produces a roaring blue flame for high heat.
本生灯 – 一种可产生高温、洁净火焰用于加热物质的气体燃烧器。气孔控制火焰颜色：关闭气孔产生黄色安全火焰，打开气孔则产生高温的蓝色呼啸火焰。
Tripod and gauze – A tripod is a three-legged metal stand that supports apparatus during heating. The wire gauze, placed on top of the tripod, spreads the heat evenly and provides a stable platform for beakers or crucibles.
三脚架和石棉网 – 三脚架是一个三腿金属支架，在加热时支撑器材。石棉网放置在三脚架顶部，可均匀散热并为烧杯或坩埚提供稳定平台。
Measuring cylinder – A tall, narrow container with accurate volume markings, used to measure the volume of liquids. It is read at eye level from the bottom of the liquid’s meniscus to avoid parallax error.
量筒 – 一种高而窄的容器，带有精确体积刻度，用于测量液体体积。读取时需在视线水平观察液体弯月面的最低点，以避免视差错误。
Beaker – A wide cylindrical container with a small spout for pouring. It is used for holding, mixing, and sometimes gently heating liquids but is not suitable for exact volume measurements.
烧杯 – 一种带有小倾口的宽口圆柱形容器，用于盛放、混合液体，有时也用于温和加热，但不适合精确测量体积。
Conical flask – A flask with a narrow neck and a flat, wide base. Its shape reduces the risk of splashes during swirling, making it ideal for titrations and mixing reactions.
锥形瓶 – 一种细颈宽底平底的烧瓶。其形状可减少旋摇时液体飞溅的风险，非常适合用于滴定和混合反应。
2. States of Matter | 物质的三态
Solid – A state of matter with a fixed shape and fixed volume because the particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern and can only vibrate in place. Memory tip: think of a solid rock – it does not flow.
固体 – 具有固定形状和固定体积的物质状态，因为粒子紧密排列成规则结构，只能在原地振动。记忆窍门：想象一块坚固的岩石——它不会流动。
Liquid – Has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container. The particles are close together but can move past each other, allowing the liquid to flow. Mnemonic: Liquids ‘fit the cup’ like a drink.
液体 – 具有固定体积但会随容器改变形状。粒子彼此靠近但可以滑动，允许液体流动。助记：液体像饮料一样“适应杯子”。
Gas – No fixed shape or volume; gases spread out to fill any container. Particles move rapidly in all directions with large gaps between them. Remember: Gas ‘grabs all space’.
气体 – 没有固定形状或体积；气体会扩散充满任何容器。粒子快速向各个方向运动，间距很大。记住：气体“抓住所有空间”。
Melting and freezing – Melting is the change from solid to liquid at the melting point. Freezing is the reverse change from liquid to solid. Both occur at the same temperature for a pure substance. Link: Melt = heat makes it melt, freeze = cold fixes it.
熔化和凝固 – 熔化是在熔点时从固体变为液体的过程。凝固则是从液体变为固体的逆过程。对于纯净物，两者在同一温度发生。联想：熔化需加热，凝固因冷定型。
Condensation and boiling – Condensation occurs when a gas cools and becomes a liquid; boiling happens when a liquid is heated to its boiling point and turns into a gas throughout the liquid. Words can be visualised: steam on a mirror condenses; a kettle boils.
冷凝和沸腾 – 气体冷却变成液体时发生冷凝；液体加热至沸点并在整个液体中转化为气体时发生沸腾。可视化联想：镜子上的蒸汽会冷凝；水壶会沸腾。
3. Cells and Life Processes | 细胞与生命过程
Cell membrane – A thin, flexible layer around all cells that controls the movement of substances in and out. Think of it as the cell’s ‘security gate’.
细胞膜 – 包围所有细胞的一层薄而柔韧的结构，控制物质进出。可将其视为细胞的“安全门”。
Nucleus – The control centre of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) and directing activities such as growth and reproduction. Memory aid: ‘Nucleus – the cell’s commander’.
细胞核 – 细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质（DNA），指导生长和繁殖等活动。记忆辅助：“细胞核——细胞的指挥官”。
Cytoplasm – A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place. It fills the cell and holds organelles. Picture: ‘cyto-jelly’ gel.
细胞质 – 一种果冻状物质，大多数化学反应在此发生。它充满细胞并容纳细胞器。想象成“细胞质果冻”凝胶。
Chloroplasts – Green organelles found only in plant cells that absorb light energy for photosynthesis. Contain the pigment chlorophyll. Remember: ‘Chloroplasts = chlorophyll = green food factories’.
叶绿体 – 仅存在于植物细胞中的绿色细胞器，吸收光能进行光合作用。含有叶绿素。记住：“叶绿体=叶绿素=绿色食品工厂”。
Cell wall – A rigid outer layer made of cellulose in plant cells that provides support and shape. Unlike the cell membrane, it is fully permeable. Think brick wall around a garden.
细胞壁 – 植物细胞外由纤维素构成的坚硬外层，提供支撑和形状。与细胞膜不同，它是完全可透的。想象成花园周围的砖墙。
Mitochondria – The ‘powerhouses’ of the cell where respiration occurs to release energy. Mnemonic: ‘Mighty mitochondria make energy’.
线粒体 – 细胞的“能量工厂”，是呼吸作用发生并释放能量的场所。助记：“强大的线粒体制造能量”。
4. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force – A push or pull acting on an object, measured in newtons (N). Forces can change an object’s speed, direction, or shape. Visualise: a kick is a force.
力 – 作用于物体上的推力或拉力，以牛顿 (N) 计量。力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。可视化：踢一脚就是力。
Friction – A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be useful (grip) or unwanted (wearing shoes). Remember: friction ‘fights movement’.
摩擦力 – 阻碍接触表面积间运动的力。它可能有用（提供抓地力）或有害（磨损鞋子）。记住：摩擦“对抗运动”。
Gravity – The force of attraction between any two objects with mass. On Earth, it pulls objects downwards, giving them weight. Link: ‘gravity grabs you to the ground’.
重力 – 任何具有质量的两个物体之间的吸引力。在地球上，它将物体向下拉，赋予物体重量。联系：“重力把你拉向地面”。
Mass vs. Weight – Mass is the amount of matter in an object (kg), unchanging anywhere. Weight is the force of gravity on that mass (N) and can change. Equation:
Weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg)
质量与重量 – 质量是物体所含物质的多少（单位为千克），在任何地方都不变。重量是重力对物体质量的作用力（单位为牛顿），会发生变化。公式：
重量 (N) = 质量 (kg) × 引力场强度 (N/kg)
Balanced and unbalanced forces – When forces on an object are equal and opposite, they are balanced, and the object remains at rest or at constant speed. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration or deceleration. Think tug-of-war: team even = balanced.
平衡力与不平衡力 – 当作用在物体上的力大小相等、方向相反时，它们是平衡力，物体会保持静止或匀速运动。不平衡力会引起加速或减速。想象拔河：两队势均力敌即平衡。
5. Energy Types and Transfers | 能量类型与转移
Kinetic energy – The energy possessed by a moving object. The faster and heavier an object, the more kinetic energy it has. Mnemonic: ‘kinetic = motion, like a kick’.
动能 – 运动物体所具有的能量。物体速度越快、质量越大，动能就越多。助记：“动能 = 运动，像踢一脚”。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) – Energy stored in an object due to its height above the ground. The higher and heavier it is, the more GPE it stores. Equation:
GPE = mass × gravity × height
重力势能 (GPE) – 物体因离地高度而储存的能量。物体位置越高、质量越大，储存的重力势能越多。公式：
重力势能 = 质量 × 重力加速度 × 高度
Thermal energy – The total internal energy of particles due to their movement and vibration; often transferred as heat. Refer to it as ‘particle wriggle energy’.
热能 – 粒子由于运动和振动所具有的总内能；常以热的形式传递。可称之为“粒子扭动能量”。
Energy transfer – Energy moves from one store to another along pathways such as mechanical work, electrical flow, heating, or radiation. The law of conservation of energy states that energy is never created or destroyed, only transferred. Remember: ‘Energy changes face, not erased.’
能量转移 – 能量通过机械做功、电的流动、加热或辐射等途径从一个储存转移到另一个储存。能量守恒定律指出能量既不会凭空产生也不会消失，只会转移。记住：“能量会变脸，不会消失”。
Useful and wasted energy – In any transfer, some energy ends up in the intended store (useful), while some spreads into the surroundings, often as thermal energy (wasted). Picture a light bulb: light is useful, heat is mostly wasted.
有用能量和浪费能量 – 在任何转移中，部分能量进入预期的储存（有用），而一部分扩散到周围环境中，通常以热能形式（浪费）。想象灯泡：光有用，热多为浪费。
6. Acids, Alkalis and Neutralisation | 酸、碱与中和
Acid – A substance with a pH less than 7 that releases hydrogen ions (H⁻) in water. Common examples: lemon juice and vinegar. Sharp taste danger – never taste lab chemicals!
酸 – pH 值小于 7 的物质，在水溶液中释放氢离子 (H⁻)。常见示例：柠檬汁和醋。记住尖锐的味道——但切勿品尝实验室化学品！
Alkali – A soluble base with a pH greater than 7, releasing hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. Alkalis feel soapy and include sodium hydroxide solution. ‘Alkali’ sounds like ‘alka-line’ – keep a line away from 7.
碱 – pH 值大于7的可溶性碱，在水中释放氢氧根离子 (OH⁻)。碱感觉很滑，包括氢氧化钠溶液。“碱”听起来像“碱性线”——一条远离7的线。
pH scale – A scale from 0 to 14 measuring how acidic or basic a solution is. pH 7 is neutral (like pure water). Use the rainbow mnemonic: 0 red (strong acid), 7 green (neutral), 14 purple (strong alkali).
pH 标度 – 从0到14衡量溶液酸碱度的标尺。pH 7为中性（如纯水）。使用彩虹助记：0红色（强酸），7绿色（中性），14紫色（强碱）。
Indicator – A dye that changes colour depending on pH. Litmus paper turns red in acid and blue in alkali. Universal indicator gives a full range of colours. Visual: ‘a traffic light for acidity’.
指示剂 – 一种根据pH值改变颜色的染料。石蕊试纸在酸中变红，在碱中变蓝。通用指示剂显示全色域。可视化：“酸度的交通信号灯”。
Neutralisation – A reaction between an acid and an alkali that produces salt and water, bringing the pH towards 7. Equation:
Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water
Think of it as the acid and alkali ‘neutralising’ each other’s power.
中和 – 酸与碱反应生成盐和水，使pH值趋向7。方程式：
酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水
可理解为酸和碱互相“中和”了对方的能力。
7. Particle Theory | 粒子理论
Particle – All matter is made of tiny, invisible particles. These particles are constantly moving, and the amount of energy they have determines their arrangement and movement. Think of particles as ‘matter’s building blocks’.
粒子 – 所有物质都由微小的、不可见的粒子组成。这些粒子在不停地运动，它们所具有的能量大小决定了其排列和运动方式。将粒子看作“物质的积木”。
Solid particle arrangement – Particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern, held together by strong forces; they vibrate in fixed positions. This explains why solids have a definite shape and cannot flow.
固体的粒子排列 – 粒子紧密排列成规则结构，被强大的作用力束缚；它们在固定位置振动。这解释了为何固体有确定形状且不能流动。
Liquid particle arrangement – Particles are close together but arranged randomly, with weaker forces allowing them to slide over each other. Thus, liquids can flow and take the shape of a container.
液体的粒子排列 – 粒子彼此靠近但杂乱排列，较弱的作用力使它们可以相互滑动。因此，液体能够流动并呈现容器的形状。
Gas particle arrangement – Particles are far apart with almost no attraction, moving fast in all directions. This allows gases to spread out and fill any space, explaining compression and expansion.
气体的粒子排列 – 粒子间距远，几乎没有吸引力，朝各个方向快速运动。这使得气体能够扩散并充满任何空间，解释了压缩和膨胀现象。
Diffusion – The spreading of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration until evenly distributed. Perfume spreading in a room is a classic example. Trick: ‘diffusion = particles on a diffuse mission to mix.’
扩散 – 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域扩散直至均匀分布的过程。香水在房间中散开是典型例子。巧记：“扩散=粒子执行‘散播’任务以混合”。
8. Separation Techniques | 分离技术
Filtration – A method to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid using a filter. The solid left on the filter paper is called the residue, and the clear liquid that passes through is the filtrate. Visualise: coffee grounds filtered out.
过滤 – 一种使用过滤器将不溶性固体与液体分离的方法。留在滤纸上的固体称为残渣，穿过滤纸的清澈液体称为滤液。想象：咖啡渣被过滤出。
Evaporation – Separates a dissolved solid from a liquid by heating, causing the liquid to vaporise and leave solid crystals behind. Think of seawater evaporating to form salt. Works if you only want the solid.
蒸发 – 通过加热将溶解的固体与液体分离，使液体汽化，留下固体晶体。想象海水蒸发形成盐。如果只想要固体，则可使用。
Distillation – Combines boiling and condensation to collect the liquid as well. The liquid is heated to form vapour, which is then cooled and collected as distillate. Simple distillation separates a liquid from a solid solution; fractional distillation separates two liquids with different boiling points.
蒸馏 – 结合沸腾与冷凝以回收液体。液体被加热形成蒸汽，随后冷却并收集为馏出液。简单蒸馏用于从溶液分离液体；分馏则分离两种沸点不同的液体。
Chromatography – A technique that separates dissolved substances (solutes) based on their different speeds in a solvent. It produces a chromatogram where each component appears as a spot. Memory: ‘chroma’ = colour, great for inks and dyes.
色谱法 – 根据溶质在溶剂中运动速度不同来分离溶解物质的技术。它生成一张色谱图，每个组分显示为一个斑点。助记：“chroma”意指颜色，尤其适用于墨水和染料。
Residue and filtrate – Key terms in filtration: residue is the solid collected on the filter; filtrate is the liquid that comes through. Word-play: ‘Residue stays behind like a reclusive solid’.
残渣与滤液 – 过滤中的关键术语：残渣是留在滤纸上的固体；滤液是穿过的液体。文字游戏：“残渣像隐士固体一样留在后方”。
9. Human Reproduction and Growth | 人体生殖与发育
Sperm – The male sex cell (gamete) produced in the testes. It is tiny and has a tail to swim. It carries half the genetic material. Think: ‘sperm swims the race to the egg’.
精子 – 在睾丸中产生的男性性细胞（配子）。它体积极小并有尾巴以游动。它携带一半遗传物质。想象：“精子游向卵子的赛跑”。
Egg (ovum) – The female sex cell produced in the ovaries. It is much larger than sperm and contains nutrient stores. It also carries half the genetic information. Picture a huge, still target cell.
卵子（卵细胞） – 在卵巢中产生的女性性细胞。它比精子大得多，并含有营养储备。它也携带一半遗传信息。想象一个巨大、静止的靶细胞。
Fertilisation – The fusion of a sperm’s nucleus with an egg’s nucleus to form a zygote. This restores the full set of chromosomes. Memory: ‘fertilisation = fusing the family plan’.
受精 – 精子核与卵子核融合形成受精卵的过程。这恢复了全套染色体。记忆：“受精=家庭计划的融合”。
Embryo and foetus – After fertilisation, the zygote divides and becomes an embryo (up to 8 weeks), after which it is called a foetus until birth. The embryo develops tissues and organs; the foetus grows and matures.
胚胎与胎儿 – 受精后，受精卵分裂并
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