📚 Year 7 CCEA Biology: Core Knowledge Summary | Year 7 CCEA 生物：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your comprehensive guide to Year 7 CCEA Biology. This article covers all the essential topics you need to master: from the characteristics of life and cell structure to how plants make food and how your body systems work. Each section is designed to help you understand and remember key concepts clearly.
欢迎阅读 Year 7 CCEA 生物综合指南。本文涵盖了所有你需要掌握的核心主题：从生命的基本特征和细胞结构，到植物如何制造食物，以及你的身体系统如何运作。每个部分都旨在帮助你清晰地理解和记忆关键概念。
1. Living and Non-Living: MRS GREN | 生物与非生物：MRS GREN
Every living thing, from a tiny bacterium to a giant tree, performs seven life processes summarised as MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, and Nutrition. For example, a plant moves its leaves towards light, respires sugar to release energy, senses gravity to grow roots downwards, grows from a seed, reproduces by forming seeds, excretes oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis, and takes in minerals and carbon dioxide for nutrition.
每个生物，从微小的细菌到巨大的树木，都会进行用 MRS GREN 概括的七种生命过程：运动、呼吸、敏感性、生长、繁殖、排泄和营养。例如，植物将叶子转向光源，通过呼吸作用分解糖释放能量，感知重力使根向下生长，从种子生长，通过形成种子繁殖，排泄光合作用的副产品氧气，以及吸收矿物质和二氧化碳作为营养。
2. Animal and Plant Cells | 动物细胞与植物细胞
All living organisms are made of cells. Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria. Plant cells have all of these plus a rigid cell wall, a large central vacuole and chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
所有生物都由细胞组成。动物细胞含有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜和线粒体。植物细胞除了这些以外，还有坚硬的细胞壁、一个中央大液泡和光合作用需要的叶绿体。
The nucleus controls the cell and contains DNA, mitochondria release energy through respiration, and the cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.
细胞核控制细胞活动并含有 DNA，线粒体通过呼吸作用释放能量，细胞膜控制物质的进出。
3. Levels of Organisation | 组织层次
In multicellular organisms, cells work together to form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together in organ systems. For example, muscle cells form muscle tissue, which makes up the heart, an organ in the circulatory system.
在多细胞生物中，细胞协同工作形成组织，组织构成器官，器官又在器官系统中协同工作。例如，肌细胞组成肌肉组织，肌肉组织构成心脏，心脏是循环系统的一个器官。
4. Classification of Living Things | 生物的分类
Scientists classify living things into groups based on shared features. The largest groups are kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi, protists and monerans (bacteria). The animal kingdom is further divided into vertebrates (with backbones) and invertebrates (without backbones). Vertebrates include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.
科学家根据共同特征将生物分类。最大的类群是“界”：动物界、植物界、真菌界、原生生物界和原核生物界（细菌）。动物界进一步分为脊椎动物（有脊柱）和无脊椎动物（没有脊柱）。脊椎动物包括哺乳动物、鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类。
You can use classification keys – a series of yes/no questions – to identify unknown organisms.
你可以使用分类检索表——一系列是/否问题——来鉴定未知生物。
5. Food Chains and Food Webs | 食物链和食物网
A food chain shows how energy is passed from one organism to another. It always starts with a producer (usually a green plant) that makes its own food by photosynthesis. Primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and so on. Arrows point in the direction of energy flow. For example: Grass → Rabbit → Fox.
食物链显示了能量如何从一个生物传递到另一个生物。它总是从生产者（通常是绿色植物）开始，这些生物通过光合作用自己制造食物。初级消费者吃生产者，次级消费者吃初级消费者，以此类推。箭头指向能量流动的方向。例如：草 → 兔 → 狐狸。
A food web is a network of interconnected food chains, showing the many feeding relationships in a habitat.
食物网是由相互连接的食物链组成的网络，显示了一个栖息地中的多种摄食关系。
6. Habitats and Adaptations | 栖息地与适应
A habitat is the natural home of an organism. Organisms have adaptations – special features or behaviours – that help them survive in their habitat. For instance, camels have long eyelashes to keep out sand and humps that store fat for energy in the desert. Polar bears have thick fur and a layer of blubber to stay warm in the Arctic.
栖息地是生物的自然家园。生物拥有适应——特殊的特征或行为——帮助它们在栖息地中生存。例如，骆驼有长睫毛阻挡沙子，驼峰储存脂肪在沙漠中提供能量。北极熊有厚厚的毛皮和一层脂肪在北极保持温暖。
Plants also show adaptations: cacti store water in thick stems and have spines instead of leaves to reduce water loss.
植物也表现出适应：仙人掌在肥厚的茎中储存水分，用刺代替叶子减少水分流失。
7. Photosynthesis | 光合作用
Photosynthesis is the chemical process in which green plants use sunlight to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. It takes place in chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll that captures light energy.
光合作用是绿色植物利用阳光将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的化学过程。它发生在叶绿体中，叶绿体中含有捕捉光能的叶绿素。
The word equation is: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen. Glucose is stored as starch in the plant, and oxygen is released as a by-product.
文字方程式为：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气。葡萄糖在植物中以淀粉形式储存，氧气作为副产品释放。
Factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis include light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature.
影响光合作用速率的因素包括光强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度。
8. Reproduction in Flowering Plants | 开花植物的繁殖
Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. The main parts include the male stamen (anther and filament) and the female carpel (stigma, style and ovary). Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma, which can be carried out by wind, insects or other animals.
花是植物的繁殖器官。主要部分包括雄性雄蕊（花药和花丝）和雌性心皮（柱头、花柱和子房）。传粉是将花粉从花药传递到柱头的过程，可以由风、昆虫或其他动物完成。
After pollination, fertilisation occurs when a pollen grain grows a tube down to the ovary, where the nucleus fuses with an egg cell to form a seed. The ovary develops into a fruit, which protects and helps disperse the seeds.
传粉后，当花粉粒长出花粉管到达子房，花粉管中的细胞核与卵细胞融合形成种子时，就发生了受精。子房发育成果实，保护并帮助传播种子。
Seed dispersal methods include wind, water, animals and explosive mechanisms, ensuring that new plants grow away from the parent plant.
种子传播的方式包括风、水、动物和弹射机制，确保新植物远离母株生长。
9. The Human Digestive System | 人体消化系统
The digestive system breaks down large food molecules into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. The main organs are the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver and pancreas.
消化系统将大食物分子分解成可以被吸收进入血液的小的可溶性分子。主要器官有口腔、食道、胃、小肠、大肠、肝脏和胰腺。
Digestion begins in the mouth with chewing and the action of salivary enzymes. In the stomach, acid and enzymes break down proteins. Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine, aided by enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver.
消化从口腔开始，通过咀嚼和唾液中酶的作用。在胃中，胃酸和酶分解蛋白质。大部分营养物质的消化和吸收发生在小肠，得到来自胰腺的酶和来自肝脏的胆汁的协助。
Undigested food passes into the large intestine where water is reabsorbed, and the remaining waste is expelled through the anus.
未消化的食物进入大肠，在那里水分被重新吸收，剩余的废物通过肛门排出。
10. The Human Respiratory System | 人体呼吸系统
The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. Air enters through the nose or mouth, passes down the trachea, into the bronchi and then into smaller bronchioles, finally reaching tiny air sacs called alveoli in the lungs.
呼吸系统将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。空气通过鼻子或嘴进入，沿着气管向下，进入支气管，再到更小的细支气管，最终到达肺部称为肺泡的微小气袋。
Gas exchange happens in the alveoli: oxygen diffuses from the air into the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air to be exhaled. The alveoli are adapted with thin walls, a large surface area and a rich network of capillaries.
气体交换在肺泡中进行：氧气从空气扩散到血液中，同时二氧化碳从血液扩散到空气中被呼出。肺泡有薄壁、大的表面积和丰富的毛细血管网，从而形成了适应。
Breathing involves the movement of the diaphragm and ribcage to change the pressure in the chest, drawing air in (inhalation) and pushing it out (exhalation).
呼吸涉及膈肌和肋骨的移动以改变胸腔内的压力，吸入（吸气）和排出空气（呼气）。
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