📚 Year 7 CCEA Biology: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | Year 7 CCEA 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key vocabulary is essential for success in CCEA Year 7 Biology. This quick guide provides clear definitions, memorable memory tricks and practical examples to help you learn and recall important scientific terms with confidence. Each section is designed as a bite-sized revision tool that you can revisit anytime.
掌握关键术语是学好 CCEA 七年级生物的基础。这份速记指南提供清晰的定义、难忘的记忆技巧和实用的例子，帮助你自信地学习和回忆重要的科学词汇。每一部分都是一个随时可以翻看的小型复习工具。
1. MRS GREN: Life Processes | MRS GREN：生命过程
Living organisms share seven life processes that can be remembered using the acronym MRS GREN. Each letter stands for a vital function that distinguishes living things from non-living matter.
生物体共有七种生命过程，可以用缩略词 MRS GREN 来记忆。每个字母代表一个区分生物与非生物的关键功能。
M – Movement: The ability of an organism to change position or move parts of its body. Even plants show slow movement, such as roots growing towards water.
M – 运动：生物体改变位置或移动身体部位的能力。植物也会表现出缓慢的运动，比如根朝着水分生长。
R – Respiration: The chemical reaction that releases energy from food inside every living cell. This energy is used for all other life processes.
R – 呼吸：每个活细胞内从食物中释放能量的化学反应。这个能量被用于所有其他的生命过程。
S – Sensitivity: The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment, called stimuli. Examples include a plant growing towards light or a pupil shrinking in bright light.
S – 感应：察觉并响应环境变化（刺激）的能力。例如植物向光生长，或瞳孔在强光下缩小。
G – Growth: A permanent increase in size or number of cells. Animals grow until they reach adult size, while many plants keep growing throughout their lives.
G – 生长：细胞大小或数量永久性的增加。动物生长至成年体型，而许多植物终生都在生长。
R – Reproduction: The production of offspring to continue the species. This can be sexual (involving two parents) or asexual (involving only one parent).
R – 生殖：产生后代以延续物种。可以是有性的（涉及两个亲本）或无性的（只涉及一个亲本）。
E – Excretion: The removal of metabolic waste products made by the body’s chemical reactions, such as carbon dioxide and urine. This is different from egestion, which removes undigested food.
E – 排泄：排出身体化学反应产生的代谢废物，如二氧化碳和尿液。这与排遗（排出未消化的食物）不同。
N – Nutrition: The process of taking in and using food for energy, growth and repair. Plants make their own food through photosynthesis; animals eat other organisms.
N – 营养：摄取并利用食物来提供能量、促进生长和修复的过程。植物通过光合作用自造食物；动物则取食其他生物。
Memory Tip: Say ‘MRS GREN’ out loud three times and draw a simple cartoon for each process. The sillier the drawing, the better you will remember!
记忆技巧：大声念出“MRS GREN”三遍，并为每个过程画一幅简单的卡通。画得越滑稽，记得越牢！
2. Cell Structure: Animals vs Plants | 细胞结构：动物与植物
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. While animal and plant cells share some common parts, plants have extra structures that help them survive and make their own food.
细胞是所有生物的基本构建单位。虽然动物细胞和植物细胞有一些共同的部分，但植物具有额外的结构来帮助它们生存并制造自己的食物。
The table below compares the key organelles found in a typical animal cell and a typical plant cell.
下表比较了典型动物细胞和典型植物细胞中的关键细胞器。
| Organelle | Animal Cell | Plant Cell |
|---|---|---|
| Cell membrane | Present | Present |
| Cytoplasm | Present | Present |
| Nucleus | Present | Present |
| Mitochondria | Present | Present |
| Ribosomes | Present | Present |
| Cell wall | Absent | Present (made of cellulose) |
| Chloroplasts | Absent | Present (contain chlorophyll) |
| Permanent vacuole | Small or absent | Large, central vacuole with cell sap |
Cell membrane: A thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cell and controls which substances enter and leave.
细胞膜：薄而柔韧的一层膜，环绕细胞并控制物质的进出。
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like liquid where most chemical reactions take place; it contains many tiny organelles.
细胞质：果冻状的液体，大多数化学反应在此发生；其中含有许多微小的细胞器。
Nucleus: The control centre of the cell that contains genetic material (DNA) and directs activities like growth and repair.
细胞核：细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质（DNA），指导生长和修复等活动。
Mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria): The powerhouse of the cell where respiration occurs to release energy.
线粒体：细胞的“能量工厂”，是发生呼吸作用、释放能量的场所。
Cell wall: A rigid outer layer made of cellulose that gives plant cells their shape and provides extra support.
细胞壁：由纤维素组成的坚硬外层，赋予植物细胞形状并提供额外支撑。
Chloroplasts: Green discs containing chlorophyll that trap sunlight energy for photosynthesis.
叶绿体：含有叶绿素的绿色盘状结构，能捕获光能进行光合作用。
Permanent vacuole: A large, fluid-filled sac in the centre of plant cells that stores cell sap and helps maintain cell rigidity.
永久液泡：植物细胞中央一个充满液体的大囊泡，储存细胞液并帮助维持细胞硬度。
Memory Tip: Imagine a ‘green factory’ for plant cells: the cell wall is the brick building, chloroplasts are solar panels, and the vacuole is a huge storage tank.
记忆技巧：把植物细胞想象成“绿色工厂”：细胞壁是砖墙，叶绿体是太阳能板，液泡是巨大的储水罐。
3. Tissues, Organs and Systems | 组织、器官和系统
In multicellular organisms, cells work together in organised levels. Similar cells group to form tissues, different tissues combine to make organs, and organs work together in organ systems.
在多细胞生物中，细胞按照层级协同工作。相似的细胞聚集形成组织，不同的组织组合成器官，器官再共同组成器官系统。
Tissue: A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function. For example, muscle tissue is made of muscle cells that contract to cause movement.
组织：一组相似的细胞共同执行特定功能。例如，肌肉组织由能够收缩引起运动的肌细胞构成。
Organ: A structure made of different types of tissues that work together to perform a major function. The stomach is an organ that contains muscle tissue, glandular tissue and nervous tissue.
器官：由不同类型的组织构成、协同完成主要功能的结构。胃是一个器官，包含肌肉组织、腺体组织和神经组织。
Organ system: A group of organs that coordinate to carry out a life process. Examples include the digestive system, which breaks down food, and the circulatory system, which transports blood.
器官系统：一组相互配合的器官，共同完成一项生命过程。例如消化系统分解食物，循环系统运输血液。
Organism: A complete living individual made of organ systems working together. A human is an organism, as is a daisy.
生物体：由多个器官系统协同工作的完整生命个体。人类是一个生物体，一朵雏菊也是。
Memory Tip: Use the sentence ‘Clever Tigers Overtake Speedy Ostriches’ for Cells → Tissues → Organs → Systems → Organism.
记忆技巧：用句子“Clever Tigers Overtake Speedy Ostriches”记忆细胞→组织→器官→系统→生物体的层级。
4. The Five Kingdoms | 五界分类系统
Scientists sort the huge diversity of life into five large groups called kingdoms. Each kingdom contains organisms that share certain fundamental features, such as how they get their food and the structure of their cells.
科学家将丰富多样的生物分为五大类群，称为“界”。每个界中的生物在某些基本特征上相似，比如获取食物的方式和细胞的结构。
Animal Kingdom: Multicellular organisms that cannot make their own food; they eat other living things. Their cells have a nucleus but no cell wall. They usually move actively during part of their life.
动物界：多细胞生物，不能自己制造食物，以其他生物为食。细胞有细胞核但没有细胞壁。通常在生命某个阶段能主动运动。
Plant Kingdom: Multicellular organisms that contain chlorophyll and make their own food by photosynthesis. Their cells have a cell wall, a large vacuole and chloroplasts.
植物界：多细胞生物，含有叶绿素，通过光合作用自造食物。细胞具有细胞壁、大液泡和叶绿体。
Fungi Kingdom: Mostly multicellular (some are single-celled like yeast) organisms that feed by digesting materials outside their bodies and absorbing nutrients. Cell walls are made of chitin, not cellulose.
真菌界：多为多细胞（如酵母是单细胞），通过在体外消化物质并吸收营养来获取食物。细胞壁由几丁质而非纤维素构成。
Protist Kingdom: A diverse group of mostly single-celled organisms that have a nucleus. They live in moist environments and can be plant-like (algae) or animal-like (protozoa).
原生生物界：多样化的单细胞生物群，有细胞核。生活在潮湿环境中，可分为类似植物的（藻类）和类似动物的（原生动物）。
Monera Kingdom (Bacteria): Single-celled organisms without a nucleus; their genetic material floats freely in the cytoplasm. They are the smallest and most abundant living things.
原核生物界（细菌）：无细胞核的单细胞生物；遗传物质游离在细胞质中。它们是最小、数量最多的生物。
Memory Tip: ‘All People Fancy Pizza Mostly’ – Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists, Monera.
记忆技巧：“All People Fancy Pizza Mostly” – 动物、植物、真菌、原生生物、原核生物。
5. Vertebrates and Invertebrates | 脊椎动物与无脊椎动物
Animals can be split into two large groups based on whether they have a backbone. Vertebrates have an internal skeleton with a spine, while invertebrates lack a backbone and make up over 95% of all animal species.
动物可根据有无脊柱分为两大类。脊椎动物具有包含脊柱的内骨骼，而无脊椎动物没有脊柱，它们占所有动物种类的95%以上。
Vertebrates are further divided into five main classes, each with key characteristics.
脊椎动物进一步分为五个主要纲，各有其特征。
Mammals: Have hair or fur, give birth to live young (mostly), and feed milk to their babies. They are warm-blooded and breathe using lungs.
哺乳纲：体表有毛或毛发，大多胎生，用乳汁喂养幼崽。它们是恒温动物，用肺呼吸。
Birds: Have feathers, a beak and wings. They lay hard-shelled eggs and are warm-blooded. Their bones are light for flight.
鸟纲：有羽毛、喙和翅膀。产硬壳卵，恒温。骨骼轻巧，适于飞行。
Reptiles: Have dry, scaly skin and lay soft, leathery eggs on land. They are cold-blooded and breathe with lungs throughout their lives.
爬行纲：皮肤干燥有鳞片，在陆地产软皮卵。变温动物，终生用肺呼吸。
Amphibians: Have smooth, moist skin and often live part of their life in water and part on land. They lay jelly-coated eggs in water and the young breathe through gills before developing lungs.
两栖纲：皮肤光滑湿润，常水陆两栖。在水中产胶质卵，幼体用鳃呼吸，成体发育出肺。
Fish: Live in water, have gills for breathing, and are covered in scales. They use fins to swim and are cold-blooded. Most lay eggs.
鱼纲：生活在水里，用鳃呼吸，体表有鳞片。用鳍游泳，变温。大多数卵生。
Invertebrates include groups such as insects (six legs, three body parts), arachnids (eight legs), crustaceans (hard exoskeleton, claws), molluscs (soft body, often a shell) and echinoderms (spiny skin, radial symmetry).
无脊椎动物包括昆虫（六足，身体分三部分）、蛛形纲（八足）、甲壳纲（坚硬外骨骼，带螯）、软体动物（软体，常有贝壳）和棘皮动物（多刺皮肤，辐射对称）等类群。
Memory Tip: For vertebrates, remember ‘My Big Red Alligator Floats’ – Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish. For insects, think ‘Head, Thorax, Abdomen – three parts!’
记忆技巧：用“My Big Red Alligator Floats”记忆脊椎动物五大类：哺乳、鸟、爬行、两栖、鱼类。对昆虫，记住“头、胸、腹——三部分！”。
6. Food Chains and Feeding Relationships | 食物链和摄食关系
Every ecosystem depends on feeding relationships to transfer energy. A food chain shows one path of energy flow, always starting with a producer and finishing with a top predator.
每个生态系统都依赖摄食关系来传递能量。一条食物链显示能量流动的一条路径，总是从生产者开始，以顶级捕食者结束。
Producer: An organism that makes its own food using light energy, usually a green plant or alga. Producers form the base of every food chain.
生产者：利用光能自己制造食物的生物，通常是绿色植物或藻类。生产者位于每条食物链的底端。
Consumer: An organism that cannot make its own food and must eat other living things. Primary consumers eat producers; secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and so on.
消费者：不能自己制造食物而必须摄食其他生物。初级消费者吃生产者；次级消费者吃初级消费者，依此类推。
Herbivore: A consumer that eats only plants or plant parts. Examples include rabbits, caterpillars and cows.
植食动物：只吃植物或植物部分的消费者，如兔子、毛虫和奶牛。
Carnivore: A consumer that eats only other animals. Lions, ladybirds and spiders are carnivores.
肉食动物：只吃其他动物的消费者，如狮子、瓢虫和蜘蛛。
Omnivore: A consumer that eats both plants and animals. Humans, bears and hedgehogs are omnivores.
杂食动物：既吃植物又吃动物的消费者。人类、熊和刺猬是杂食动物。
Decomposer: An organism, often a type of fungus or bacterium, that breaks down dead material and waste, returning vital nutrients to the soil.
分解者：分解死物质和废物的生物，通常是真菌或细菌，将重要的营养归还土壤。
Food web: A network of interconnected food chains that shows the many possible feeding links in an ecosystem.
食物网：由多条相互关联的食物链组成的网络，展示生态系统中多种可能的摄食关系。
Prey and Predator: Prey is the animal that is hunted and eaten; predator is the animal that hunts and eats other animals. The numbers of prey and predators cycle up and down together.
猎物与捕食者：猎物是被捕食的动物；捕食者是猎食其他动物的动物。猎物的数量和捕食者的数量一起呈周期性升降。
Memory Tip: Draw a picture of a food chain with arrows meaning ‘is eaten by’. Always remember the arrow points from food to feeder!
记忆技巧：画一条食物链，箭头代表“被……吃”。一定记住箭头从食物指向取食者！
7. Photosynthesis: The Plant’s Kitchen | 光合作用：植物的“厨房”
Plants do not need to eat; they make their own glucose using a chemical factory inside their leaves. This process is called photosynthesis and it keeps the whole food chain going.
植物不需要进食；它们利用叶片内的化学工厂来制造自己的葡萄糖。这个过程叫作光合作用，它维持着整条食物链的运转。
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气
Chlorophyll: The green pigment found in chloroplasts that captures light energy from the Sun. Without chlorophyll, photosynthesis cannot start.
叶绿素：叶绿体中的绿色色素，能捕获太阳光能。没有叶绿素，光合作用就无法启动。
Chloroplasts: The tiny green organelles inside plant cells where the chemical reactions of photosynthesis take place.
叶绿体：植物细胞内微小的绿色细胞器，是光合作用的化学反应发生之处。
Glucose: A simple sugar produced during photosynthesis.
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导