📚 Year 7 CCEA Biology: Summer Prep and Bridging Course | 七年级 CCEA 生物：暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to the exciting world of biology! As you prepare to enter Year 7, this bridging course will introduce you to the key concepts you will explore in your CCEA biology lessons. Biology is the study of living organisms, from the tiniest bacteria to the largest whales. By understanding biology, you will learn how your own body works, how plants grow, and how all life is interconnected. This summer, we will guide you through the foundations of biology so that you can start Year 7 with confidence and curiosity.
欢迎来到精彩的生物世界！在准备进入七年级之际，本衔接课程将带你了解 CCEA 生物课中将探索的关键概念。生物学是研究生物体的科学，从微小的细菌到巨大的鲸鱼。通过学习生物学，你将了解自己的身体如何运作、植物如何生长，以及所有生命是如何相互联系的。今年夏天，我们将引领你打好生物学基础，让你满怀信心与好奇心地开启七年级的学习。
1. Welcome to Biology | 欢迎来到生物世界
Biology is a natural science that focuses on life and living organisms. It covers a wide range of topics, including the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living things. In Year 7, you will begin to explore these areas through practical investigations and theoretical study.
生物学是一门专注于生命和生物体的自然科学。它涵盖广泛的主题，包括生物的结构、功能、生长、起源、进化和分布。在七年级，你将通过实践调查和理论学习开始探索这些领域。
The CCEA course encourages you to ask questions, design experiments, and think like a scientist. You will develop skills such as observing, measuring, and recording data. These skills are not only important for biology but for all sciences you will study in secondary school.
CCEA 课程鼓励你提出问题、设计实验，并像科学家一样思考。你将培养观察、测量和记录数据等技能。这些技能不仅对生物重要，对你将在中学阶段学习的所有科学都至关重要。
Biology also connects to real‑world issues such as health, conservation, and food production. By learning biology, you become a more informed person who understands the importance of looking after our planet.
生物学还与健康、环境保护和粮食生产等现实问题相关联。通过学习生物学，你会成为一个更有见识的人，理解爱护我们星球的重要性。
2. Characteristics of Living Things | 生物的特征
To be considered alive, something must show certain characteristics. Scientists often use the acronym MRS GREN to remember them: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, and Nutrition. All living organisms, from a single‑celled amoeba to a complex human, display these life processes.
要被视为有生命，生物必须表现出某些特征。科学家常用缩写 MRS GREN 来记忆它们：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄和营养。从单细胞的变形虫到复杂的人类，所有生物都展现这些生命过程。
Movement: All living things can move their whole body or parts of it, even plants that slowly turn towards light.
运动：所有生物都能移动全身或部分身体，即使是缓慢转向光线的植物。
Respiration: Cells break down glucose to release energy needed for life activities such as growth and repair.
呼吸：细胞分解葡萄糖以释放生命活动所需的能量，如生长和修复。
Sensitivity: Organisms detect and respond to changes in their surroundings. For example, pupils shrink in bright light, and plant roots grow towards water.
感应：生物能察觉并响应周围环境的变化。例如，瞳孔在强光下缩小，植物根部向水生长。
Growth: All living things increase in size and often in complexity. A tiny acorn grows into a massive oak tree over many years.
生长：所有生物都会增大体积，通常还会变得更复杂。一颗小橡子经过多年长成巨大的橡树。
Reproduction: Living organisms produce offspring. Reproduction can be sexual (involving two parents) or asexual (one parent).
繁殖：生物产生后代。繁殖可以是有的（涉及两个亲体）或无性的（仅一个亲体）。
Excretion: Waste products from chemical reactions are removed. For example, humans excrete urea in urine and carbon dioxide from the lungs.
排泄：化学反应产生的废物被清除。例如，人类通过尿液排出尿素，通过肺排出二氧化碳。
Nutrition: Organisms obtain food. Plants make their own food through photosynthesis, while animals consume plants or other animals.
营养：生物获取食物。植物通过光合作用自己制造食物，而动物摄食植物或其他动物。
If an object does not carry out all seven processes, it is not classified as living. A car moves and uses fuel, but it does not grow, reproduce, or excrete waste – it is non‑living.
如果一个物体没有执行全部七个过程，它就不被归类为生物。汽车能运动并消耗燃料，但它不会生长、繁殖或排泄废物——它是非生物。
3. The Cell – Building Block of Life | 细胞——生命的基本单位
All living organisms are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest units of life that can carry out all the life processes described by MRS GREN. Some organisms, such as bacteria and amoebae, consist of a single cell (unicellular). Others, like humans and oak trees, are made up of billions of cells (multicellular).
所有生物都由细胞组成。细胞是能够执行 MRS GREN 所述所有生命过程的最小生命单位。有些生物，如细菌和变形虫，由单个细胞构成（单细胞生物）。其他生物，如人类和橡树，由数十亿细胞组成（多细胞生物）。
Robert Hooke first observed cells in cork using a microscope in 1665. He called them ‘cells’ because they reminded him of the small rooms monks lived in. Since then, the study of cells has become a fundamental part of biology.
罗伯特·胡克于1665年首次用显微镜观察软木中的细胞。他称它们为‘细胞’，因为它们让他想起修士居住的小房间。此后，细胞研究已成为生物学的基础部分。
In Year 7, you will learn to use a light microscope to view cells and identify basic structures. You will prepare slides of onion epidermis or cheek cells and stain them so that parts such as the nucleus become visible.
在七年级，你将学习使用光学显微镜观察细胞并识别基本结构。你将制作洋葱表皮或口腔细胞的装片，并对它们进行染色，使细胞核等部分变得可见。
You will discover that cells come in many shapes and sizes, each adapted to its function. A nerve cell is long and thin to carry signals quickly; a red blood cell is biconcave to carry more oxygen.
你将发现细胞的形状和大小各异，每一种都适应其功能。神经细胞细长，便于快速传递信号；红细胞呈双凹形，可以携带更多氧气。
4. Animal and Plant Cells | 动物细胞与植物细胞
Animal cells and plant cells share several common structures. Both have a cell membrane that controls what enters and leaves the cell. The cytoplasm is a jelly‑like substance where most chemical reactions take place. The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) and acts as the control centre of the cell. Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, releasing energy.
动物细胞和植物细胞共有一些结构。两者都有控制物质进出的细胞膜。细胞质是胶状物质，大多数化学反应在此进行。细胞核含有遗传物质（DNA），充当细胞的控制中心。线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。
Plant cells, however, have three additional parts that animal cells lack. First, a rigid cell wall made of cellulose surrounds the cell membrane, providing support and giving the plant cell a fixed shape. Second, a large permanent vacuole contains cell sap and helps keep the cell firm. Third, chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
然而，植物细胞有三个动物细胞所没有的额外结构。第一，由纤维素构成的坚固细胞壁包围着细胞膜，提供支撑并赋予植物细胞固定形状。第二，一个大的中央液泡含有细胞液，帮助维持细胞的坚挺。第三，叶绿体含有绿色色素叶绿素，能吸收光能进行光合作用。
When you look at a plant leaf cell under a microscope, the green chloroplasts are often easy to spot. You may also see the large vacuole pushing the nucleus towards the edge of the cell.
当你在显微镜下观察植物叶片细胞时，绿色的叶绿体通常很容易被看到。你还可能看到大液泡将细胞核挤向细胞边缘。
5. From Cells to Systems | 从细胞到系统
In multicellular organisms, cells do not work alone. They are organised into higher levels of structure. A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a particular function. Examples include muscle tissue (which contracts to produce movement) and xylem tissue (which transports water in plants).
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