📚 Year 7 CCEA Engineering: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Year 7 CCEA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick reference guide designed to help you master the essential engineering vocabulary for Year 7 CCEA. Engineering is full of special words that describe tools, materials, processes, and design concepts. By learning these terms, you will be able to communicate your ideas clearly, follow instructions accurately, and understand how things work. This guide groups key words into easy-to-remember categories, with memory tips to make revision fun and effective. Keep this guide handy during your projects and homework!
欢迎来到专为帮助你掌握 Year 7 CCEA 工程基础词汇而设计的速记指南。工程学处处是描述工具、材料、流程和设计概念的特殊词汇。学习这些术语后，你将能够清晰地表达想法、准确地遵循指令并理解事物的工作原理。本指南将关键词汇分为易于记忆的类别，并配有记忆技巧，让复习变得有趣又高效。在完成项目和作业时，请随时参考本指南！
1. Introduction to Engineering Terms | 工程术语导论
Engineering uses a precise vocabulary to turn ideas into reality. Below are some fundamental words that every young engineer should know. An Engineer is a person who designs, builds, and tests solutions to problems. Technology is the practical use of scientific knowledge to create useful objects or systems. Innovation means developing something new or improving an existing product. A Prototype is a first working model used to test and refine a design. A Model is a smaller or simplified version that shows how a final product will look or function. Brief is a written statement that explains what you need to design and why.
工程学使用精确的词汇将创意变为现实。以下是每个小工程师都应该掌握的基础词汇。工程师是设计、构建和测试问题解决方案的人。技术是将科学知识实际应用于创造有用的物体或系统。创新指创造新事物或改进现有产品。原型是用于测试和完善设计的第一个工作模型。模型是展示最终产品外观或功能的缩小或简化版本。设计概要是一份书面说明，解释你需要设计什么以及为什么设计。
Memory tip: Create a set of flashcards with the term on one side and the definition with a sketch on the other. Review them for five minutes each day.
记忆技巧：制作一套单词卡，一面写术语，另一面写定义并画一个简图。每天复习五分钟。
2. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其特性
Choosing the right material is a key engineering decision. Common workshop materials include wood (such as pine or MDF), metals (aluminium, mild steel, copper), plastics (acrylic, PVC, polystyrene), and textiles (cotton, polyester). Each material has unique properties that determine how it can be used.
选择合适的材料是关键的工程决策。常见车间材料包括木材（如松木或中密度纤维板）、金属（铝、低碳钢、铜）、塑料（亚克力、PVC、聚苯乙烯）和纺织品（棉、聚酯纤维）。每种材料都有独特的特性，决定了它的用途。
Important property terms: Hardness – how resistant a material is to being scratched or indented. Toughness – the ability to absorb impacts without breaking. Ductility – can be stretched into a thin wire. Brittleness – breaks or shatters easily when bent. Malleability – can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets. Conductor – allows heat or electricity to flow through it easily. Insulator – prevents the flow of heat or electricity.
重要的特性术语：硬度——材料抵抗刮擦或压痕的能力。韧性——吸收冲击而不断裂的能力。延展性——能被拉伸成细丝。脆性——弯曲时极易断裂或粉碎。可锻性——能被锤打成或轧制成薄片。导体——允许热量或电流轻易通过。绝缘体——阻止热量或电流通过。
Memory tip: Link properties to everyday objects: glass is brittle, copper wire is ductile, a rubber glove is an insulator. Say ‘Hard diamonds, tough tyres, ductile copper, brittle biscuits!’.
记忆技巧：将特性与日常物品联系起来：玻璃脆，铜线延展性好，橡胶手套是绝缘体。背诵口诀：“钻石硬，橡胶韧，铜线延展，饼干脆！”
3. Forces and Structures | 力与结构
Structures are designed to withstand different forces without collapsing. A Force is a push or pull that can change the motion or shape of an object, measured in newtons (N). Load is the weight or force that a structure must support. Common types of forces include: Compression – a pushing force that squeezes a material together. Tension – a pulling force that stretches a material. Torsion – a twisting force. Shear – a force that makes parts of a material slide past each other.
结构的设计旨在承受各种力而不坍塌。力是能够改变物体运动或形状的推或拉，以牛顿 (N) 为单位。载荷是结构必须支撑的重量或力。常见的力类型包括：压力——将材料挤压在一起的推力。拉力——拉伸材料的拉力。扭力——扭转力。剪切力——使材料各部分相互滑动的力。
In structures, beams carry loads horizontally, columns support loads vertically and are in compression. A tie is a member under tension, while a strut resists compression. Triangles are often used in frameworks because they are very rigid and distribute forces evenly. The famous equation linking force, mass and acceleration is:
在结构中，梁水平承载载荷，柱垂直支撑载荷并承受压力。拉杆是承受拉力的构件，而压杆抵抗压力。三角形常用于框架结构，因为它们非常刚硬并且能均匀分布力。著名的力、质量和加速度关系公式为：
F = m × a
Where F is force in newtons (N), m is mass in kilograms (kg), and a is acceleration in metres per second squared (m/s²).
其中 F 为力（牛顿，N），m 为质量（千克，kg），a 为加速度（米每二次方秒，m/s²）。
Memory tip: Compression pushes together (think ‘compress’), Tension pulls apart (think ‘tense’ like a stretched rubber band). Remember ‘Ties take tension’ and ‘Struts suffer compression’.
记忆技巧：压力向内挤压（想想“压缩”），拉力向外拉伸（想想紧绷的橡皮筋）。记住“拉杆受拉力”，“压杆受压力”。
4. Simple Machines | 简单机械
Simple machines make work easier by changing the direction or magnitude of a force. There are six classic types: Lever – a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called the fulcrum. The force you apply is the effort, and the weight to be moved is the load. A Pulley uses a wheel and rope to lift loads, often changing direction of the force. An Inclined Plane is a sloping surface that reduces the effort needed to raise an object. A Wedge is two inclined planes back-to-back, used for splitting or cutting. A Screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder. The Wheel and Axle consists of a large wheel fixed to a smaller axle, making it easier to move objects.
简单机械通过改变力的方向或大小使工作更轻松。经典简单机械有六种：杠杆——一根绕固定点（称为支点）转动的刚性杆。你施加的力是动力，要移动的重量是阻力。滑轮利用轮子和绳索提升重物，通常能改变力的方向。斜面是一个倾斜表面，能减少提升物体所需的力。楔子是两个背靠背的斜面，用于劈开或切割。螺丝是缠绕在圆柱体上的斜面。轮轴由一个大轮子和一个固定的小轴组成，使移动物体更省力。
Mechanical advantage (MA) compares the load force to the effort force. A useful formula for levers is: MA = Load ÷ Effort. When MA is greater than 1, the simple machine multiplies your force.
机械效益 (MA) 将阻力与动力进行比较。杠杆的实用公式为：MA = 阻力 ÷ 动力。当机械效益大于1时，简单机械就能放大你的力。
Memory tip: ‘Lever Lifts Loads’ – all start with L. Think of a see-saw as a lever. ‘Pully Pulls Positively’! Visualise the six machines as: ‘Lads Play In Winter Snow’ (Lever, Pulley, Inclined plane, Wedge, Screw, Wheel and axle).
记忆技巧：杠杆 (Lever) 举起重物 (Load) —— 都以 L 开头。想象跷跷板就是一个杠杆。滑轮 (Pulley) 积极地拉动 (Pulls)。将六种机械想象成：“男孩在冬雪中玩耍”（杠杆、滑轮、斜面、楔子、螺丝、轮轴）。
5. Measurement and Units | 测量与单位
Accurate measurement is essential in engineering. The International System of Units (SI) helps everyone use the same standards. Length is measured in millimetres (mm), centimetres (cm) and metres (m). Mass is measured in grams (g) and kilograms (kg). Force is measured in newtons (N). Temperature is often measured in degrees Celsius (°C). Time is measured in seconds (s). Area is measured in square units (e.g., cm²), and volume in cubic units (e.g., cm³).
准确的测量在工程中至关重要。国际单位制 (SI) 让所有人使用相同的标准。长度以毫米 (mm)、厘米 (cm) 和米 (m) 为单位。质量以克 (g) 和千克 (kg) 为单位。力以牛顿 (N) 为单位。温度常以摄氏度 (°C) 为单位。时间以秒 (s) 为单位。面积以平方单位（如 cm²）表示，体积以立方单位（如 cm³）表示。
Remember these conversions: 1 cm = 10 mm, 1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm. To measure accurately, always read a ruler at eye level, align the zero mark with the edge, and record the unit.
记住这些换算：1厘米 = 10毫米，1米 = 100厘米 = 1000毫米。为了精确测量，始终以眼睛水平读数，将零刻度对准边缘，并记录单位。
Memory tip: Use the mnemonic ‘King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk’ for metric prefixes: Kilo (1000), Hecto (100), Deca (10), Base unit (1), Deci (0.1), Centi (0.01), Milli (0.001). For millimeters and centimeters, think: ‘Milli means a thousandth, centi means a hundredth’.
记忆技巧：用口诀“亨利王因喝巧克力牛奶而死”来记忆公制前缀：千、百、十、基本单位、分、厘、毫。对于毫米和厘米，可以这样想：“毫是千分之一，厘是百分之一”。
6. Common Hand Tools | 常用手工工具
In the workshop you will use a range of hand tools. A bench hook is a wooden board that hooks onto the edge of a workbench; it holds wood securely while you saw. A coping saw has a thin blade and is used for cutting curves in thin wood or plastic. A tenon saw has a stiff, rectangular blade for making straight cuts. A file is used to smooth and shape metal or plastic edges. Sandpaper (glasspaper) comes in different grits for smoothing wood. A hand drill turns a drill bit to make holes. Screwdrivers (flathead and Phillips) drive screws. A spanner tightens or loosens nuts and bolts. Pliers grip, bend and cut wire. A steel rule gives a straight measuring edge, and a try square checks right angles.
在车间中你会使用一系列手工工具。工作台钩是一块钩在木工台边缘的木板，能在你锯木时稳定地固定木料。绕锯锯条细薄，用于切割薄木或塑料的曲线。夹背锯锯片坚硬且呈矩形，用于直线切割。锉刀用于打磨和修整金属或塑料边缘。砂纸（玻璃砂纸）有不同的粒度，用于打磨木材。手钻旋转钻头以钻孔。螺丝刀（一字和十字）用于拧螺丝。扳手拧紧或松开螺母和螺栓。钳子用于夹持、弯折及剪切金属丝。钢直尺提供笔直的测量边缘，直角尺用于检查直角。
Always select the correct tool for the job and keep tools clean and sharp. When using a saw, let the tool do the work – do not force it. Secure your workpiece firmly.
始终为工作选择正确的工具，并保持工具清洁锋利。使用锯子时，让工具自行切割——不要用力过猛。牢固地固定你的工件。
Memory tip: Group tools by function: ‘Sawing Squad’ (coping saw, tenon saw), ‘Smoothing Squad’ (file, sandpaper), ‘Gripping Squad’ (pliers, bench hook). Draw a simple workshop poster labelling each tool.
记忆技巧：按功能将工具分组：“锯切小队”（绕锯、夹背锯），“打磨小队”（锉刀、砂纸），“夹持小队”（钳子、工作台钩）。画一幅简单的车间海报并标注每个工具。
7. Workshop Safety | 车间安全
Safety is the most important rule in any engineering workshop. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be worn correctly. This includes safety goggles to protect eyes from flying debris, an apron to protect your body and clothes, a dust mask when sanding or working with powders, and ear defenders when using loud machinery. A hazard is anything that could cause harm, and a risk assessment is the process of identifying hazards and deciding how to control them.
安全是任何工程车间最重要的规则。个人防护装备 (PPE) 必须正确穿戴。这包括保护眼睛免受飞屑伤害的安全护目镜、保护身体和衣物的围裙、打磨或处理粉末时使用的防尘口罩，以及在使用响闹机器时佩戴的护耳器。危险源是任何可能造成伤害的事物，风险评估是识别危险源并决定如何控制它们的过程。
Know the location of the emergency stop button on machines and the nearest fire extinguisher. A first aid kit is available for minor injuries. Always tie back long hair, roll up loose sleeves, and remove jewellery before starting work. Never run in the workshop and
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 工程 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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