Year 7 CCEA Geography: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 CCEA 地理：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 7 CCEA Geography: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 CCEA 地理：核心知识点梳理

Geography is the study of the Earth, its natural processes and the people who live on it. In Year 7, you begin to explore both the physical landscape – from rivers and rocks to weather and climate – and the human world of settlements, resources and environmental challenges. This revision guide brings together all the essential knowledge you need for the CCEA Key Stage 3 curriculum, with clear explanations and paired English–Chinese summaries to support every learner.

地理学是对地球、其自然过程以及生活其上的人类的探究。在七年级，你会开始探索自然景观——从河流、岩石到天气与气候——以及人类世界，包括定居点、资源与环境挑战。这份复习指南汇集了 CCEA 第三关键阶段课程所需的所有核心知识，提供清晰的英文解释与中文配对总结，帮助每一位学习者巩固要点。

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1. What is Geography? | 什么是地理？

Geography is divided into two main branches. Physical geography examines the Earth’s natural features and processes, such as volcanoes, rivers and weather. Human geography studies how people interact with the world, including where we live, how we use land and how we affect the environment.

地理学分为两大分支。自然地理研究地球的自然特征与过程，例如火山、河流和天气。人文地理探讨人类如何与世界互动，包括我们居住何处、如何使用土地以及如何影响环境。

Understanding both branches helps us see the connections between nature and society. For example, a settlement may grow beside a river because the river provides water, transport and fertile land for farming.

理解这两个分支有助于我们认识自然与社会之间的联系。例如，定居点可能在河流旁发展起来，因为河流能提供水源、运输和肥沃的耕种土地。

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2. Map Skills: Coordinates and Symbols | 地图技能：坐标与符号

Maps use a grid system to help us locate places accurately. In Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK, the National Grid divides the landscape into squares. Four-figure grid references give the bottom-left corner of a square, while six-figure references pinpoint an exact location within that square.

地图使用网格系统帮助我们准确定位。在北爱尔兰和英国其他地区，国家网格将地形划分为一个个方格。四位数字的网格参考给出某个方格的左下角，而六位数字的参考则可以精确定位方格内的具体地点。

All maps include symbols and a key. Common symbols represent roads, railways, churches, forests and contour lines. The compass rose shows the eight cardinal and intercardinal directions: north, south, east, west, NE, NW, SE and SW.

所有地图都包含图例和符号。常见符号代表公路、铁路、教堂、森林以及等高线。罗盘玫瑰标出八个基本和中间方向：北、南、东、西、东北、西北、东南、西南。

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3. Scale, Distance and Direction | 比例尺、距离与方向

Scale tells us how much the real world has been reduced on the map. A scale of 1:25 000 means that 1 cm on the map represents 25 000 cm (250 m) on the ground. You can use a ruler and the scale bar to measure straight-line distances and winding routes with a piece of string.

比例尺告诉我们真实世界在地图上缩小了多少。1:25 000 的比例表示地图上 1 厘米代表地面上 25 000 厘米（250 米）。你可以使用直尺和比例尺测量直线距离，也可以用一段细绳测量弯曲的路线。

Direction is always given as a compass bearing or as a named direction. Remember to orient your map using a compass or by aligning it with known landmarks. Practising these skills helps you read Ordnance Survey maps confidently.

方向总是用罗盘方位或指定方向来表示。记住用指南针或通过将地图与已知地标对齐来给地图定向。练习这些技能能帮你自信地阅读地形测量图。

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4. The Earth’s Structure and Plate Tectonics | 地球结构与板块构造

The Earth is made up of four main layers: the solid inner core, the liquid outer core, the mantle and the thin outer crust. The crust is broken into large pieces called tectonic plates, which float on the semi-molten mantle beneath them.

地球由四个主要圈层构成：固态的内核、液态的外核、地幔以及薄薄的外壳。地壳分裂为巨大的板块，称为构造板块，它们漂浮在下层半熔融的地幔之上。

Plates move very slowly because of convection currents in the mantle. Where plates meet, we find plate boundaries: constructive (moving apart), destructive (pushing together) and conservative (sliding past each other). These boundaries cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

由于地幔中的对流作用，板块移动非常缓慢。板块相遇的地方形成不同类型的板块边界：张裂型（分离）、挤压型（碰撞）和错动型（相互滑动）。这些边界引发地震和火山喷发。

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5. Rocks: Types and Formation | 岩石的类型与形成

Rocks are naturally occurring solids made of minerals. They are grouped into three main families based on how they formed. Igneous rocks, such as basalt and granite, cool and solidify from magma or lava. The Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland is a world-famous example of columnar basalt.

岩石是由矿物组成的天然固体。根据形成方式，它们分为三大类。火成岩，如玄武岩和花岗岩，由岩浆或熔岩冷却凝固而成。北爱尔兰的巨人堤道就是柱状玄武岩的世界闻名实例。

Sedimentary rocks, like sandstone and limestone, form when layers of sediment are compressed and cemented over millions of years. They often contain fossils. Metamorphic rocks, such as marble and slate, are created when existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure inside the Earth.

沉积岩，如砂岩和石灰岩，由沉积物层层堆积并在数百万年中受压胶结而成，常含有化石。变质岩，如大理石和板岩，是原有岩石在地球内部受到热量和压力作用后发生质变而形成的。

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6. Weathering, Erosion and Landscapes | 风化、侵蚀与地貌

Weathering is the breakdown of rocks in place, without movement. Physical weathering includes freeze-thaw action, where water seeps into cracks, freezes and expands, splitting the rock. Chemical weathering, such as acid rain dissolving limestone, changes the rock’s composition. Biological weathering is caused by plants and animals, for example when roots grow into cracks.

风化是指岩石在原地发生的崩解，不涉及运动。物理风化包括冻融作用：水渗入裂缝、结冰膨胀导致岩石破裂。化学风化，如酸雨溶解石灰岩，会改变岩石的成分。生物风化由植物和动物引起，例如根系长入裂缝。

Erosion is the wearing away and removal of rock by moving agents – rivers, waves, glaciers and wind. Together, weathering and erosion shape the landscape, creating valleys, cliffs and dramatic rock formations. In Northern Ireland, the Mourne Mountains show clear signs of glacial erosion.

侵蚀是通过流动的媒介——河流、海浪、冰川和风——对岩石进行磨蚀和搬运。风化和侵蚀共同塑造地貌，创造出山谷、悬崖和壮观的岩石形态。在北爱尔兰，莫恩山脉留有明显的冰川侵蚀痕迹。

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7. River Processes and Landforms | 河流作用与地貌

Rivers carry out three main processes: erosion, transportation and deposition. Erosion happens by hydraulic action (force of the water), abrasion (rocks scraping the bed), attrition (rocks hitting each other) and solution (dissolving minerals). Transported material moves as traction (rolling), saltation (bouncing), suspension (floating) and dissolved load.

河流进行三个主要过程：侵蚀、搬运和沉积。侵蚀通过水力作用（水流力量）、磨蚀（岩屑刮擦河床）、磨耗（石块相互碰撞）和溶蚀（溶解矿物）发生。搬运的物质以推移（滚动）、跃移（跳跃）、悬移（悬浮）和溶解质的方式移动。

In the upper course, steep gradients create V-shaped valleys, rapids and waterfalls. In the middle course, the river meanders and forms wider valleys. In the lower course, deposition builds floodplains, levees and deltas. An oxbow lake forms when a meander is cut off from the river.

在上游，陡峭的坡度形成 V 形谷、急流和瀑布。中游河道变得蜿蜒并形成更宽阔的谷地。下游则以沉积作用为主，形成河漫滩、天然堤和三角洲。当曲流颈被截断，便形成了牛轭湖。

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8. Coastal Processes and Landforms | 海岸作用与地貌

Waves are the main agent of coastal change. Destructive waves have a strong backwash and erode the coast; constructive waves have a strong swash and deposit material. Erosion creates features such as cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches and stacks. A good example is the stack called Dunluce Castle’s cliffs in Northern Ireland showing erosion features.

波浪是海岸变化的主要动因。破坏性波浪的底流很强，会侵蚀海岸；建设性波浪的冲流强，易于沉积物质。侵蚀塑造出悬崖、浪蚀平台、海蚀洞、海蚀拱和海蚀柱等特征。北爱尔兰邓卢斯城堡所在的悬崖就是呈现侵蚀特征的绝佳例子。

Deposition builds beaches, spits and bars. Longshore drift moves sediment along the coast in a zigzag pattern. When sediment extends across a bay, a bar may form, sometimes cutting off a lagoon.

沉积作用则构建出海滩、沙嘴和沙坝。沿岸漂移以锯齿状路线搬运沉积物。当沉积物延展横跨海湾时，可形成沙坝，有时会将潟湖隔开。

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9. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候

Weather is the day-to-day condition of the atmosphere – temperature, precipitation, wind and sunshine. Climate is the average weather pattern of a place over at least 30 years. The British Isles have a temperate maritime climate with mild, wet winters and cool summers, influenced by the North Atlantic Drift.

天气是大气的日常状况——包括温度、降水、风和日照。气候则是一个地方至少 30 年的平均天气模式。不列颠群岛属于温带海洋性气候，冬季温和多雨，夏季凉爽，这与北大西洋暖流的影响密不可分。

Factors affecting climate include latitude, altitude, distance from the sea and prevailing wind. For example, places higher up are colder (approximately 0.6 °C drop for every 100 m rise). In Northern Ireland, the Mournes experience more rainfall because moist air is forced to rise, cool and condense – this is called relief rainfall.

影响气候的因素包括纬度、海拔、距海远近和盛行风。例如，海拔越高的地方越冷（每上升 100 米温度约降低 0.6 °C）。在北爱尔兰，莫恩山脉降雨较多，因为潮湿空气被迫抬升、冷却凝结——这称为地形雨。

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10. Settlements: Patterns and Hierarchies | 定居点：分布模式与等级

A settlement is a place where people live. Early settlers chose sites with advantages such as a water supply, flat land, defence and natural resources. Settlement patterns include dispersed (isolated farms), nucleated (clustered village) and linear (along a road or river).

定居点指人们居住的地方。早期定居者会选择有水源、平地、防御优势和自然资源等有利条件的地址。定居点分布模式包括分散型（孤立的农场）、集聚型（成簇的村庄）和线型（沿道路或河流排列）。

Settlements form a hierarchy based on size and the range of services. A hamlet offers very few services, while a village has a post office and shop, a town adds secondary schools and a hospital, and a city provides universities and specialised retail. The larger the settlement, the fewer there are and the further people travel to reach them.

定居点根据规模和所提供服务的范围形成等级体系。小村庄几乎没有服务，村庄设有邮局和商店，城镇增加中学和医院，城市则提供大学和专业零售。定居点越大，数量越少，人们到达那里所需的路程也越远。

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11. Environmental Challenges | 环境挑战

Human activities can damage the environment. Burning fossil fuels releases CO₂ and other greenhouse gases, trapping heat and causing global warming. Climate change leads to more extreme weather, rising sea levels and loss of habitats.

人类活动可能对环境造成破坏。燃烧化石燃料释放二氧化碳和其他温室气体，锁住热量并引发全球变暖。气候变化导致更频繁的极端天气、海平面上升和栖息地丧失。

Sustainability means meeting our needs without harming the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Solutions include using renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro), recycling, reducing waste and protecting ecosystems. In school geography, you might investigate how your local area could become more sustainable.

可持续性指满足我们当前的需求而不损害后代满足其需求的能力。解决方案包括使用可再生能源（太阳能、风能、水力）、回收利用、减少浪费和保护生态系统。在学校地理课程中，你可能会调查当地如何实现更可持续的发展。

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12. Revision Checklist | 复习清单

Use this checklist to track your confidence with each topic. RAG-rate each area: Red (need to revise again), Amber (mostly understand) and Green (I know it well).

使用这份清单跟踪你对每个主题的信心程度。用红黄绿标注：红色（需要再复习）、黄色（基本理解）和绿色（已掌握）。

Topic / 主题	What to check / 检查内容	RAG
Map Skills / 地图技能	Four- & six-figure grid references, symbols, scale, direction / 四位数与六位数网格参考，符号，比例尺，方向
Earth’s Structure / 地球结构	Layering, plate boundaries, earthquakes and volcanoes / 圈层，板块边界，地震和火山
Rocks / 岩石	Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic; formation & examples / 火成岩、沉积岩、变质岩的形成与例子
Weathering & Erosion / 风化和侵蚀	Types of weathering, agents of erosion, landforms / 风化类型，侵蚀媒介，地貌
Rivers / 河流	Erosion, transportation, deposition, key landforms / 侵蚀、搬运、沉积，主要河流地貌
Coasts / 海岸	Erosional and depositional features, longshore drift / 侵蚀与沉积特征，沿岸漂移
Weather & Climate / 天气与气候	Difference, factors affecting climate, rain types / 区别，影响气候的因素，降雨类型
Settlements / 定居点	Patterns, site factors, settlement hierarchy / 分布模式，选址因素，定居点等级
Environment / 环境	Greenhouse effect, sustainability, local actions / 温室效应，可持续性，本地措施

Going through this list, make brief notes or sketch diagrams for any red or amber topics. Remember that geography is about real places – link your revision to local examples whenever possible.

浏览这份清单时，为红色或黄色主题做简短笔记或绘制简图。记住，地理讲的是真实的地方——尽可能将复习内容与当地实例联系起来。

Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com

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