📚 SQA Sociology Glossary: A Quick Memorisation Guide | SQA社会学词汇术语速记指南
Struggling to remember all the terminology for your SQA Sociology exam? You are not alone. Sociological vocabulary can feel like a foreign language, but once you link each term to a clear definition and a simple memory hook, it becomes much easier to recall. This guide is designed specifically for Year 11 learners following the SQA specification. It walks you through essential terms grouped into logical themes, with plain English explanations paired with Chinese translations. Use it as a quick-reference revision tool to build confidence and fluency in sociological language.
是否在为 SQA 社会学考试中的大量术语感到头疼？你并不孤单。社会学术语有时像一门新语言，但当你把每个词与清晰的定义以及简单的记忆钩子联系到一起，回忆就会变得轻松不少。本指南专门为修读 SQA 课程的 Year 11 学生打造。它将核心词汇按主题分组，提供直白的英文解释与中文译文，可作为快速查漏补缺的复习工具，帮助你在社会学语言上更自信、更流利。
1. Core Sociological Concepts | 核心社会学概念
Society: A group of people who share a common territory and culture, bound together by social relationships and a sense of shared identity. Imagine a football team: the pitch is the territory, the rules are culture, and every player must cooperate to keep the game going.
社会：共享共同领土和文化、由社会关系和共同认同感联结在一起的人群。把它想成一支足球队：球场是领土，规则是文化，每个队员必须配合才能让比赛继续。
Social Structure: The organised framework of institutions, social groups, and status positions that shape how a society operates. Think of it as the skeleton of society—you cannot see it directly, but it gives shape to everything people do.
社会结构：由制度、社会群体和地位位置构成的有组织框架，决定了社会的运行方式。它就像社会的骨架，虽然看不见，但给人的所有行为赋予了形态。
Social Institution: A long-lasting, established pattern of shared rules and behaviour that meets a basic social need, such as the family, education, religion, or the legal system. If society were a building, institutions would be its load-bearing walls.
社会制度：一种持久、稳定的共同规则和行为模式，用以满足基本社会需要，如家庭、教育、宗教或法律体系。如果把社会比作一栋建筑，制度就是承重墙。
Agency: The capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choices, even within the constraints of social structure. A helpful contrast: structure tells you what roads are available; agency decides which one you take.
能动性：个体在受社会结构限制的情况下，仍能独立行动并自主选择的能力。对比记忆：结构告诉你哪些路是铺好的，能动性决定你走哪一条。
2. Socialisation and Identity | 社会化与身份认同
Primary Socialisation: The first and most intense stage of learning norms and values, typically occurring in the family during early childhood. It is like downloading the basic operating system for a culture—without it, further programming cannot run smoothly.
初级社会化：学习规范和价值观的第一个、也是最密集的阶段，通常发生在幼年时期的家庭中。好比给一种文化安装基础操作系统，没有它，后续程序无法顺畅运行。
Secondary Socialisation: The ongoing process of learning the norms and values of wider society, delivered by agents such as schools, peer groups, mass media, and workplaces. This is where you learn to play different roles with audiences beyond your family.
次级社会化：学习更广泛社会规范和价值观的持续过程，由学校、同伴群体、大众媒体和工作场所等媒介完成。在此阶段你学会在家庭之外的观众面前扮演不同角色。
Identity: How individuals see and define themselves, as well as how others see them. It can be personal (your unique traits) or social (linked to groups you belong to, such as nationality, ethnicity, or gender). Imagine identity as a mosaic made of many small tiles—some you choose, some are given to you.
身份认同：个体如何看待和定义自己，以及他人如何看待自己。它可以是个人的（你的独特性格），也可以是社会的（与你所属的群体相关，如国籍、族裔或性别）。把身份想象成一幅由许多小瓷砖拼成的马赛克——有些是你自己选的，有些是别人给你的。
Role: The behaviour expected of someone who holds a particular social position. A single person can occupy multiple roles simultaneously—student, daughter, teammate. To keep roles from clashing, think of them as different hats you wear; only one at a time, ideally.
角色：对占据某一社会位置的人所期望的行为方式。一个人可以同时占据多个角色——学生、女儿、队友。为避免角色冲突，可以把它们想象成不同的帽子，最好每次只戴一顶。
3. Culture, Norms and Values | 文化、规范与价值观
Culture: The whole way of life of a particular society or group, including language, beliefs, customs, dress, and technology. It is the collective ‘personality’ of a society. To memorise, think of culture as a shared rulebook that tells members how to think, feel, and behave.
文化：某个特定社会或群体的整体生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗、服饰和技术。它是一种社会的集体“性格”。可以将文化想象成一本共享的规则手册，告诉成员如何思考、感受与行动。
Norms: Unwritten rules that guide behaviour in specific situations, such as queuing or saying ‘please’ and ‘thank you’. Norms are society’s traffic lights—they keep social traffic flowing without the need for constant formal instruction.
规范：在特定情境中引导行为的不成文规则，比如排队或说“请”和“谢谢”。规范就是社会的红绿灯，无需正式指令便能维持社会交通的顺畅。
Values: Deeply held beliefs about what is good, right, and desirable in a society. They underpin norms. For example, the value of privacy supports the norm of knocking before entering a room. Remember: values are the why; norms are the how.
价值观：关于什么是好的、正确的和值得追求的深层信念，是规范的基础。例如，隐私的价值观支撑着进屋前先敲门的规范。记住：价值观是“为何”，规范是“如何”。
Subculture: A smaller culture within the mainstream culture, with its own distinctive norms, values, and lifestyles. Goths, gamers, or skateboarders are examples. The prefix ‘sub’ means ‘under’, so a subculture exists under the umbrella of the dominant culture.
亚文化：存在于主流文化中的较小的文化，拥有自己独特的规范、价值观和生活方式。例如哥特族、游戏玩家或滑板爱好者。“亚”字表示“之下”，所以亚文化存在于主导文化的伞盖之下。
4. Social Control and Deviance | 社会控制与越轨行为
Social Control: The mechanisms, strategies, and institutions society uses to ensure individuals conform to norms and rules. It can be formal (laws, police) or informal (peer pressure, family disapproval). Picture social control as both a fence and a whisper; one stops you physically, the other nudges your conscience.
社会控制：社会为确保个体遵从规范与规则而使用的机制、策略和制度。它可以是正式的（法律、警察），也可以是非正式的（同伴压力、家庭反对）。可将社会控制想象成一道篱笆与一声耳语：一个阻拦你的身体，另一个轻推你的良心。
Formal Social Control: Control exercised by official organisations such as the government, courts, and police. It is written, codified, and backed by sanctions like fines or imprisonment.
正式社会控制：由政府、法院、警察等正式机构实施的控制。它以书面形式明文规定，并由罚款或监禁等制裁措施作为保障。
Informal Social Control: Control exercised through everyday interactions, such as praise, ridicule, gossip, or social exclusion. It is often more immediate and subtle. The raised eyebrow of a friend can sometimes be a stronger regulator than a fine.
非正式社会控制：通过日常互动实施的控制，如表扬、嘲笑、流言或社交排斥。它通常更直接也更微妙。朋友扬起的眉毛有时比罚单更有约束力。
Deviance: Any behaviour that violates the accepted norms of a society. Deviance is not necessarily criminal; it can range from wearing unusual clothes to committing a serious crime. A useful rhyme: deviance is deviation from what is expected.
越轨行为：任何违反社会公认规范的行为。越轨不一定是犯罪，范围可从穿着反常到严重犯罪。一句顺口溜帮助记忆：越轨即偏离了被期望的轨道。
5. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social Stratification: The hierarchical arrangement of individuals into social classes, castes, or other divisions based on factors like wealth, income, education, and power. Visualise society as a multi-layered cake: the uppermost tier gets the most cream, while the bottom layer is sparse.
社会分层：根据财富、收入、教育和权力等因素，将个体划分为社会阶级、种姓或其他等级性分层的方式。把社会想象成一个多层蛋糕：最上层拥有最多的奶油，底层则寥寥无几。
Social Class: A grouping of people who share similar economic and social positions, often defined by occupation, income, and lifestyle. Traditional SQA discussions include the working class, middle class, and upper class.
社会阶级：由经济和社会地位相近的人构成的群体，通常以职业、收入及生活方式来界定。SQA 课程中常讨论工人阶级、中产阶级和上层阶级。
Life Chances: The opportunities each individual has to achieve things that are valued in society, such as good health, education, and material rewards. Life chances are shaped by social class, gender, and ethnicity. Think of life as a game of Monopoly: not everyone starts with the same amount of capital.
生活机会：每个人获得社会看重之物（如良好的健康、教育与物质回报）的机会。生活机会受社会阶级、性别与族裔影响。把人生想象成大富翁游戏：每个人的起始资金并不相同。
Social Mobility: The movement of individuals or groups up or down the social hierarchy. It can be intergenerational (between generations) or intragenerational (within one person’s life). The ‘elevator’ image helps: some people ride up, some go down, and a few get stuck on the same floor.
社会流动：个体或群体在社会等级中向上或向下的移动。可以是代际流动（两代人之间）或代内流动（个人一生之中）。“电梯”的意象有助于记忆：有人上升，有人下降，少数人一直停在某层。
6. Power and Authority | 权力与权威
Power: The ability to make others do what you want, even against their will. It can be based on force, resources, or charisma. Power is influence in its rawest form—like the wind, you cannot see it, but you can observe its effects on everything around you.
权力：让他人做你想做的事的能力，即便违背其意愿。权力可以建立在武力、资源或个人魅力之上。权力是最原始的“影响力”——像风一样，你看不到它，但能看见它对周围一切的作用。
Authority: Legitimate power that people accept as right and justified. If power is the engine, authority is the driving licence that makes its use acceptable.
权威：被民众视为正当、合理的合法权力。如果说权力是引擎，权威就是让引擎可以合法上路的驾照。
Weber’s Traditional Authority: Authority based on long-established customs and traditions, such as a monarchy or tribal chief. Key phrase: ‘We have always done it this way.’
韦伯的传统型权威：基于悠久的习俗与传统的权威，如君主制或部落酋长。关键句：“我们一向如此”。
Weber’s Charismatic Authority: Authority stemming from an individual’s exceptional personal qualities, like a revolutionary leader or inspirational figure. It hangs on the magnetism of one personality.
韦伯的魅力型权威：源于个体超凡的个人品质的权威，如革命领袖或精神偶像。它完全系于一人的人格魅力。
Weber’s Legal-Rational Authority: Authority based on a system of rules and laws that are formally enacted, such as modern democracies and bureaucracies. The authority lies in the office, not the person.
韦伯的法理型权威：基于正式颁布的规则和法律体系的权威，如现代民主国家与官僚机构。权威属于职务，而非担任职务者。
7. Families and Households | 家庭与住户
Family: A group of people connected by kinship ties—blood, marriage, or adoption—who typically share an economic unit and emotional bonds. The SQA often distinguishes between different family types, so memorise each by its shape.
家庭：由亲属关系（血缘、婚姻或收养）联系在一起的一群人，通常构成一个经济单位并分享情感纽带。SQA 常要求区分不同家庭类型，可以按各自的结构来记忆。
Household: One person living alone or a group of people who share the same accommodation and living arrangements, whether or not they are kin. All families are households, but not all households are families.
住户：独居一人或共用同一住所与生活安排的一群人，无论是否有亲属关系。所有的家庭都是住户，但不是所有住户都是家庭。
Nuclear Family: A two-generation family consisting of parents and their dependent children. Picture the classic ‘two adults plus kids’ unit, often seen as the traditional ideal.
核心家庭：由父母及其受抚养子女组成的、两代同堂的家庭。画面就是典型的“两个成人加孩子”的单位，常被视为传统理想型。
Extended Family: A family that includes relatives beyond the nuclear unit, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, often living together or nearby. Think horizontally and vertically extended branches on a family tree.
扩展家庭：超出核心单位、包含更多亲属的家庭，如祖父母、叔伯、姑姨及堂表亲，常居住在一起或邻近。好比家谱树上横向与纵向延伸的枝桠。
Symmetrical Family: A family type described by Young and Willmott where roles of husband and wife are more equal and similar, both contributing to paid work and domestic tasks. The term symmetrical suggests a mirroring of responsibilities.
对称家庭：扬与威尔莫特描述的一种家庭类型，丈夫与妻子的角色更为平等和相似，双方都参与有偿工作与家务。对称一词暗示着责任的镜像分配。
8. Education and Achievement | 教育与成就
Formal Curriculum: The structured, timetabled content taught in schools, such as mathematics, history, and science. It is the ‘visible’ part of schooling that everyone agrees students should learn.
正式课程：学校中结构化、排入课表的教学内容，如数学、历史和科学。它是学校教育的“可见”部分，大家都认同学生应当学习。
Hidden Curriculum: The informal lessons conveyed through the school’s routines, rules, and teacher expectations—things like punctuality, obedience, and competition. It is the unspoken training for life that happens outside textbooks.
隐性课程：通过学校常规、规则和教师期望传递的非正式课程内容，如守时、服从和竞争。这是教科书之外，对人生无声的训练。
Labelling: The process of attaching a definition or description to a pupil, such as ‘bright’ or ‘troublemaker’, which can influence how teachers treat them and how they view themselves. Labels can stick like name tags that are hard to peel off.
标签化：给某个学生贴上某种定义或描述的过程，如“聪明”或“麻烦制造者”，这会影响教师对待他们的方式以及他们的自我认知。标签就像难以撕下的姓名贴。
Self-fulfilling Prophecy: When a prediction, even if false, leads to behaviour that makes the prediction come true. If a student is repeatedly told they will fail, they may stop trying and indeed fail. The prophecy writes its own ending.
自证预言：当一个预测即便为假，也能引发使之成真的行为。如果学生不断被告知“你会失败”，他/她可能不再努力，最终真的失败。预言书写了自己结局。
9. Research Methods Terminology | 研究方法术语
Quantitative Data: Information that can be counted or measured and expressed in numbers, such as statistics, percentages, and survey results. Remember: quantity = numbers.
定量数据：能被计数或测量、以数字表达的信息，如统计数据、百分比和问卷调查结果。记住：定量关数字。
Qualitative Data: Descriptive, in-depth information focusing on meanings, feelings, and experiences, usually collected through interviews or observations. Quality = the texture and depth of human stories.
定性数据：以描述为主、深入关注意义、感受和经历的信息，通常通过访谈或观察收集。定性即注重人类故事的质感与深度。
Primary Data: Original data collected firsthand by the researcher for their specific study, such as questionnaires or interviews. It is like cooking from scratch with your own ingredients.
一手数据：研究者为特定研究亲自收集的原始数据，如问卷或访谈。好比用自己的食材从头开始烹饪。
Secondary Data: Data that already exists and was collected by someone else for a different purpose, such as official statistics, historical records, or previous studies. Using a library cookbook rather than writing your own recipes.
二手数据：已存在、由他人为不同目的收集的数据，如官方统计、历史记录或既往研究。相当于使用图书馆的烹饪书，而非自己写食谱。
Validity: The extent to which research measures what it claims to measure. A valid interview truly captures a person’s beliefs. Ask yourself: is the instrument hitting the target?
效度：研究在多大程度上测量了它声称要测量的东西。一次有效的访谈能真实捕捉到一个人的信念。问问自己：这个工具击中靶心了吗？
Reliability: The consistency of research findings; if the study were repeated under the same conditions, would it produce similar results? Reliability is like a bathroom scale—stand on it three times in a row, it should show the same weight.
信度：研究发现的一致性；如果在相同条件下重复研究，是否会得出相似结果？信度就像浴室体重秤——连续站上去三次，显示的体重应当相同。
10. Theoretical Perspectives | 理论视角
Functionalism: A consensus theory that sees society as a system of interdependent parts (institutions) working together to maintain stability, much like organs in a body. Key terms: social solidarity, value consensus, organic analogy.
功能主义：一种共识理论，将社会视为相互依赖的部分（制度）共同运作以维持稳定的系统，好比身体器官。关键词：社会团结、价值共识、有机体类比。
Marxism: A conflict theory influenced by Karl Marx, focusing on class struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners of production) and the proletariat (workers). Society is seen as a battlefield where economic power determines superstructure.
马克思主义：受卡尔·马克思影响的冲突理论，关注资产阶级（生产资料所有者）与无产阶级（劳动者）之间的阶级斗争。社会被视为一个战场，经济权力决定上层建筑。
Feminism: A conflict perspective that examines gender inequalities and the patriarchy—a system where men hold more power and privilege. It points out that society has long been written from a male viewpoint.
女性主义：一种审视性别不平等与父权制（男性掌握更多权力与特权的体制）的冲突视角。它指出社会长久以来都是从男性视角书写的。
Interactionism: A micro-level theory focusing on small-scale, day-to-day interactions and how individuals use symbols and meanings to create their social world. While functionalism looks at the forest, interactionism examines the leaves.
互动论：一种微观理论，聚焦于小规模、日常的互动，以及个体如何运用符号与意义来建构自己的社会世界。功能主义看的是整片森林，互动论则细察每一片叶子。
New Right: A conservative perspective emphasising individual responsibility, traditional family values, and a limited role for the state. It often critiques the welfare state for creating dependency.
新右派：一种保守派视角，强调个人责任、传统家庭价值观以及有限的国家角色。它常批评福利国家制造依赖。
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