📚 Year 7 CIE Business Studies: Core Concept Review | Year 7 CIE 商务：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 7 Business Studies journey. This article organises the essential concepts you need to master for the CIE curriculum. We will walk through the meaning of business, how markets work, what makes an entrepreneur stand out, the basic resources every business needs, and how companies connect with customers. Each section builds a clear foundation in English and Chinese, so you can learn the terminology and ideas with confidence.
欢迎开启 Year 7 商务学习之旅。本文梳理了 CIE 课程中必须掌握的核心知识点。我们将一起走过商业的含义、市场如何运作、创业者脱颖而出的特质、每家企业都必须具备的基本资源，以及公司如何与顾客建立连接。每一节都用英文和中文打下清晰基础，让你自信地掌握术语和重要概念。
1. Understanding Business Activity | 理解商业活动
Business activity exists to satisfy the needs and wants of people. A need is something essential for survival, such as food, water and shelter. A want is a desire that goes beyond basic survival, like a new smartphone or fashionable clothes. Businesses identify gaps in the market and produce goods or services to fill them. Goods are physical products you can touch, while services are intangible actions performed by people for money.
商业活动的存在是为了满足人们的需要和欲望。需要是生存所必需的东西，例如食物、水和住所。欲望则是超越基本生存的渴望，比如一部新手机或时髦的衣服。企业识别市场中的空白，并生产商品或提供服务来填补它们。商品是你可以触摸的实物产品，服务则是由人提供的、为获取金钱而执行的无形行为。
Businesses add value by turning raw materials into finished products that customers are willing to pay for. This added value is the difference between the selling price and the cost of materials. Without added value, a business cannot make a profit and survive in the long run. Even the simplest corner shop adds value by making products conveniently available to local customers.
企业通过把原材料转变为顾客愿意为之付费的成品来增加价值。这种增加值就是销售价格与材料成本之间的差额。没有增加值，企业就无法盈利，也就无法长期生存。即便是街角最简单的小店，也通过让本地顾客方便地买到产品而增加了价值。
2. Needs, Wants and Scarcity | 需要、欲望与稀缺性
The fundamental economic problem is scarcity: there are limited resources but unlimited wants. Because time, money and raw materials are finite, people and businesses must make choices. Every choice involves an opportunity cost, which is the next best alternative given up when a decision is made. For example, if a student spends two hours watching a film, the opportunity cost might be the revision time lost for a maths test.
根本的经济学问题是稀缺性：资源有限而欲望无限。由于时间、金钱和原材料都是有限的，个人和企业都必须做出选择。每一次选择都涉及机会成本，即做出一项决定时所放弃的次优选择。例如，如果一名学生花两小时看一部电影，机会成本可能就是为了数学测验而失去的复习时间。
Businesses also face scarcity and must decide how to allocate their budgets. A bakery might choose between buying a larger oven or hiring an extra assistant. The opportunity cost of buying the oven could be the additional sales the assistant might have generated. Understanding trade-offs helps young learners see why businesses constantly plan and prioritise their resources.
企业同样面临稀缺性，必须决定如何分配预算。一家面包店可能在购买更大的烤箱和雇佣额外助手之间做出选择。购买烤箱的机会成本可能是额外助手可能带来的额外销售额。理解权衡有助于年轻学习者明白，为什么企业要不断规划并优先安排资源。
3. Types of Goods and Services | 商品和服务的类型
Goods and services can be classified into consumer goods, capital goods and services. Consumer goods are products bought by individuals for personal use, such as food, clothing and electronics. Capital goods, also called producer goods, are items used by businesses to produce other goods and services, including machinery, tools and factory buildings. Services cover a wide range of activities like transport, banking, education and healthcare.
商品和服务可以分为消费品、资本品和服务。消费品是个人出于个人使用目的而购买的产品，例如食品、服装和电子产品。资本品，也称为生产者商品，是企业用来生产其他商品和服务的物品，包括机器、工具和厂房。服务则涵盖运输、银行、教育和医疗保健等广泛活动。
Durable goods are designed to last a long time, like furniture and cars, whereas non-durable goods are consumed quickly, like food and soap. This distinction matters because businesses selling durable goods often rely on less frequent purchases and may focus heavily on quality and after-sales service. In contrast, businesses selling non-durable goods often aim for repeat purchases and brand loyalty.
耐用品设计使用寿命长，比如家具和汽车，而非耐用品消耗得很快，比如食品和肥皂。这种区分很重要，因为销售耐用品的商家往往依赖较低频次的购买，可能非常注重质量和售后服务。相比之下，销售非耐用品的商家通常目标在于重复购买和品牌忠诚度。
4. Introduction to Entrepreneurship | 创业入门
An entrepreneur is someone who takes the risk of starting and running a new business. Entrepreneurs combine the factors of production – land, labour, capital and enterprise – to create goods or services. They demonstrate key characteristics such as creativity, determination, willingness to take calculated risks and the ability to lead others. Not every new business succeeds, but entrepreneurs play a vital role in driving innovation and economic growth.
创业者是承担创办和经营新企业风险的人。创业者把生产要素——土地、劳动力、资本和企业家才能——结合起来创造商品或服务。他们展现出关键特征，如创造力、决心、承担可计算风险的意愿以及领导他人的能力。并非每家新企业都能成功，但创业者在推动创新和经济增长中扮演着至关重要的角色。
A business idea often starts with spotting a gap in the market, such as noticing that a neighbourhood lacks a healthy sandwich shop. The entrepreneur then writes a business plan, which outlines the product, target customers, cost estimates and expected revenue. This plan helps attract investors and guides the venture through its early months. For Year 7 learners, trying small enterprise projects at school helps develop an entrepreneurial mindset.
一个商业想法往往始于发现市场空白，比如注意到某个社区缺少健康三明治店。接着创业者会撰写商业计划书，概述产品、目标顾客、成本估算和预期收入。这份计划书有助于吸引投资者，并在初创几个月指引企业运营。对于 Year 7 学生而言，在校尝试小型创业项目有助于培养企业家思维。
5. Factors of Production | 生产要素
Every business uses four main factors of production. Land includes all natural resources, such as oil, water, forests and the land itself. Labour refers to the human effort, both physical and mental, used in producing goods and services. Capital consists of man-made equipment, buildings and tools used to produce other goods. Enterprise, the fourth factor, is the willingness of entrepreneurs to take risks and organise the other three factors.
每家企业都使用四种主要生产要素。土地包括所有自然资源，如石油、水、森林以及土地本身。劳动力指用于生产商品和服务的人力，包括体力劳动和脑力劳动。资本由人造设备、建筑和工具组成，用于生产其他商品。企业家才能是第四种要素，指创业者承担风险并组织其他三种要素的意愿。
Scarce resources force businesses to choose combinations of factors that minimise cost while maintaining quality. A car manufacturer, for example, may use highly automated capital-intensive production to reduce labour costs. A handmade jewellery workshop, on the other hand, might rely heavily on skilled labour. Recognising these choices helps students understand why different industries look so different from one another.
稀缺资源迫使企业选择在保持质量的同时使成本最小化的要素组合。例如，一家汽车制造商可能采用高度自动化的资本密集型生产方式以降低劳动力成本。另一方面，一家手工珠宝作坊可能大量依赖熟练劳动力。认识到这些选择，能帮助学生理解不同行业为何看起来如此不同。
6. Sectors of Industry | 产业部门
Industry can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. The primary sector extracts raw materials from nature, including farming, fishing, mining and forestry. The secondary sector takes those raw materials and manufactures them into finished or semi-finished products, such as turning steel into car bodies or flour into bread. The tertiary sector provides services to consumers and businesses, from retail and transport to education and banking.
产业可以划分为第一、第二和第三产业部门。第一产业从自然界中提取原材料，包括农业、渔业、采矿和林业。第二产业将这些原材料制造加工成成品或半成品，比如将钢材制成汽车车身，或将面粉制成面包。第三产业向消费者和企业提供服务，从零售、运输到教育和银行业。
As a country develops, the proportion of workers in each sector shifts. Early development often depends heavily on the primary sector. Industrialisation expands the secondary sector, and higher living standards typically bring growth in the tertiary sector. Year 7 students can observe this change by looking at their own town or city and counting how many people work in shops, offices and factories.
随着国家发展，各产业部门的劳动力比例会发生变化。发展早期往往严重依赖第一产业。工业化扩展了第二产业，而更高的生活水平通常会带来第三产业的增长。Year 7 学生可以通过观察自己所在城镇或城市，数一数有多少人在商店、办公室和工厂工作，来发现这一变化。
7. The Market, Supply and Demand | 市场、供给与需求
A market is any place, physical or virtual, where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods and services. The price of a product is determined by the interaction of supply and demand. Demand shows the quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices. Supply shows the quantity that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at various prices.
市场是指买卖双方聚集在一起交换商品和服务的任何场所，可以是实体的，也可以是虚拟的。产品的价格由供给和需求的相互作用决定。需求表示消费者在不同价格下愿意且能够购买的产品数量。供给则表示生产者在不同价格下愿意且能够提供销售的数量。
When demand exceeds supply, a shortage occurs and prices tend to rise. When supply exceeds demand, a surplus pushes prices down. The equilibrium price is where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. Weather, fashion, technology and income can all shift demand or supply curves. Understanding these shifts helps explain why the price of popular toys or seasonal fruits changes so quickly.
当需求超过供给时，就会出现短缺，价格往往会上涨。当供给超过需求时，盈余会推低价格。均衡价格是指需求量等于供给量的那个价位。天气、时尚、技术与收入都可能使需求曲线或供给曲线发生移动。理解这些移动有助于解释为什么热门玩具或季节性水果的价格变化如此之快。
8. Introduction to Marketing | 市场营销导论
Marketing is about identifying customer needs and satisfying them profitably. It is not just advertising; it covers the whole process from product design and pricing to distribution and promotion. The marketing mix, often called the 4Ps, consists of Product, Price, Place and Promotion. Businesses must get the right mix to reach their target customers and stand out from competitors.
市场营销是关于识别顾客需求并有利润地予以满足。它不仅仅是广告，而是涵盖从产品设计和定价到分销和促销的整个流程。营销组合，通常被称为 4P，包括产品、价格、渠道和促销。企业必须找到正确的组合，才能触达目标顾客并在竞争中脱颖而出。
Product decisions include design, quality, features and packaging. Price must cover costs while remaining attractive to customers. Place refers to how the product reaches the customer, through shops, websites or delivery services. Promotion covers all communication tools such as social media, flyers, discounts and public relations. Even a school tuck shop uses the 4Ps, whether it realises it or not.
产品决策包括设计、质量、功能和包装。价格必须覆盖成本，同时对顾客具有吸引力。渠道指的是产品如何到达顾客手中，通过商店、网站还是送货服务。促销涵盖所有沟通工具，如社交媒体、传单、折扣和公关。即便是学校的小卖部，无论是否意识到，也在使用 4P。
9. E-commerce and Digital Business | 电子商务与数字商业
E-commerce, or electronic commerce, refers to buying and selling goods and services over the internet. It has grown rapidly because it offers convenience to consumers and lower overhead costs for businesses. Popular forms include online retail, food delivery apps and digital streaming platforms. Many traditional businesses now combine physical stores with online shops, a strategy called bricks and clicks.
电子商务是指通过互联网买卖商品和服务。它发展迅猛，因为它为消费者提供了便利，同时为企业降低了经常性成本。流行的形式包括在线零售、美食外卖应用和数字流媒体平台。如今，许多传统企业将实体店与网店结合起来，这种战略被称为“砖块加点击”。
Advantages of e-commerce for businesses include being able to reach a global audience and to open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Challenges include the high level of online competition and the need to invest in cybersecurity. For consumers, e-commerce brings price comparison, convenience and a wider choice, but it also raises concerns about data privacy and delivery reliability.
电子商务对于企业的优势包括能够触达全球受众，以及实现每周 7 天、每天 24 小时营业。挑战包括激烈的在线竞争，以及在网络安全方面投资的需求。对于消费者而言，电子商务带来了价格比较、便利性和更广泛的选择，但也引发了人们对数据隐私和配送可靠性的担忧。
10. Business Stakeholders | 企业利益相关者
A stakeholder is any individual or group that has an interest in or is affected by a business’s decisions. Key stakeholders include owners, employees, customers, suppliers, the local community and the government. Each stakeholder group has different objectives. Owners typically seek profit and growth, while employees want fair pay, safe working conditions and job security.
利益相关者是指任何对企业的决策有利益关系或受其影响的个人或群体。主要利益相关者包括所有者、员工、顾客、供应商、当地社区和政府。每个利益相关者群体都有不同的目标。所有者通常追求利润和增长，而员工则希望获得公平薪酬、安全的工作条件和职业保障。
Stakeholder conflict can arise when the goals of one group clash with another. For example, a business wanting to cut costs by reducing staff may upset employees and the local community. A firm that pollutes a river may benefit shareholders through lower costs but harm the environment and residents. Good businesses consider the interests of multiple stakeholders when making decisions, aiming for a balanced and responsible approach.
当一个群体的目标与另一个群体发生冲突时，就会出现利益相关者冲突。例如，一家希望裁减员工以降低成本的企业可能会惹恼员工和当地社区。一家污染河流的公司可能通过降低成本让股东受益，却损害了环境和居民。优秀的企业在决策时会考虑多方利益相关者的利益，力求采取平衡且负责任的方式。
11. Business Ethics and Social Responsibility | 商业道德与社会责任
Business ethics refers to the moral principles that guide the way a business operates. It involves decisions about fairness, honesty and respect for people and the planet. Social responsibility is the idea that businesses should not only focus on profit but also contribute positively to society. This can include reducing pollution, ensuring fair trade and supporting local charities.
商业道德是指指导企业经营方式的道德原则。它涉及有关公平、诚信，以及对人和地球的尊重的决策。社会责任则是指企业不应只关注利润，还应积极为社会发展做出贡献的理念。这可以包括减少污染、确保公平贸易以及支持当地慈善机构。
Examples of ethical business behaviour include paying workers a living wage, sourcing materials sustainably and providing truthful advertising. Unethical behaviour, such as child labour or misleading customers, can damage a company’s reputation and lead to legal trouble. Year 7 students can discuss real-world cases, such as a clothing brand promising to use only organic cotton, to practise evaluating business decisions through an ethical lens.
合乎道德的商业行为例子包括支付工人生活工资、可持续地采购原材料，以及提供真实的广告宣传。不道德的行为，如使用童工或误导顾客，可能损害公司声誉并导致法律纠纷。Year 7 学生可以讨论真实案例，比如某服装品牌承诺只使用有机棉，来练习用道德视角评估商业决策。
12. The Business Plan and Enterprise Skills | 商业计划书与创业技能
A business plan is a written document that describes a business’s objectives, strategies, market, financial forecasts and operational details. It serves as a roadmap for the entrepreneur and is essential for attracting funding from banks and investors. A good business plan includes an executive summary, a description of the product, market research, a marketing strategy and financial projections.
商业计划书是一份书面文件，描述企业的目标、战略、市场、财务预测和运营细节。它充当创业者的路线图，对于从银行和投资者那里吸引资金至关重要。一份好的商业计划书包括执行摘要、产品描述、市场调研、营销战略以及财务预测。
Enterprise skills go beyond business knowledge. They include teamwork, problem-solving, communication, creativity and resilience. Year 7 students can develop these skills by participating in school enterprise challenges, such as designing a product and selling it at a fair. Practising these skills early builds confidence and prepares students for further study and the world of work.
创业技能超越商业知识，包括团队合作、解决问题、沟通、创造力和韧劲。Year 7 学生可以通过参加学校创业挑战赛来发展这些技能，比如设计一款产品并在展会上出售。尽早锻炼这些技能可以建立自信，并为后续学习和未来职场做好准备。
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