📚 Year 7 CIE Business: Summer Preview and Bridging Course | 七年级CIE商务：暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to the exciting world of business! Whether you dream of running a global company, starting a local bakery, or simply understanding how the economy works, Year 7 CIE Business Studies is your first step. This summer preview and bridging course is designed to give you a head start by explaining the fundamental concepts you will encounter in your first year. By building a strong foundation now, you will feel confident and prepared when school begins.
欢迎来到精彩的商业世界！无论你是梦想经营全球化公司、开一家本地面包店，还是仅仅想了解经济如何运作，七年级CIE商务课程都是你的第一步。这个暑期预习与衔接课程旨在领先一步，解释你将在第一年遇到的基本概念。现在就打下坚实的基础，当学校开学时你会感到自信且准备充分。
1. What Is Business? | 什么是商业？
A business is any organisation that provides goods or services to customers in exchange for money. Most businesses aim to make a profit – earning more money than they spend – but others exist for social, charitable or environmental purposes. Understanding this helps you see how your daily choices, from buying a chocolate bar to streaming music, are connected to business decisions.
商业是任何向顾客提供产品或服务以换取金钱的组织。大多数商业旨在盈利——赚的钱比花的多——但其他一些则是为了社会、慈善或环境目的而存在。理解这一点有助于你看到日常选择，从买巧克力棒到在线听音乐，如何与商业决策相关联。
In Year 7, you will learn that businesses exist because people have unlimited wants but limited resources. This basic economic problem forces us to make choices, and businesses compete to offer the best solutions. Start observing the businesses around you – the corner shop, an app developer, a local farm – and think about how they satisfy customers.
在七年级，你将了解到商业之所以存在是因为人们有无限的欲望而资源有限。这个基本的经济问题迫使我们做出选择，而企业竞相提供最佳解决方案。开始观察你周围的商业——街角小店、应用开发者、本地农场——并思考它们如何满足顾客。
2. Needs and Wants | 需要与欲望
‘Needs’ are things essential for survival, such as food, water, shelter and clothing. ‘Wants’ are things we desire but can live without, like a new video game, designer trainers or a cinema trip. Businesses must work out which category their product falls into because it influences how they price and advertise. Often, clever marketing tries to make wants feel like needs.
“需要”是生存必不可少的东西，如食物、水、住所和衣物。“欲望”是我们渴望但并非生活必需的东西，比如新款电子游戏、名牌运动鞋或电影票。企业必须弄清自己的产品属于哪一类别，因为这会影响定价和广告方式。聪明的营销常常试图把欲望包装成需要。
Scarcity means we cannot have everything we want, so we must decide how to use our limited money and time. Businesses, in turn, must compete to convince us to choose them. Thinking about needs and wants helps you start seeing the world as an entrepreneur: what do people really lack, and how could I provide it better or more cheaply?
稀缺性意味着我们无法拥有想要的一切，因此我们必须决定如何使用有限的钱和时间。反过来，企业必须竞争来让我们选择它们。思考需要和欲望有助于你以企业家的眼光看世界：人们真正缺乏什么，我如何能更好或更便宜地提供？
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Products that businesses sell are either goods or services. Goods are tangible – you can touch them, like a bicycle, a pizza, or a textbook. Services are intangible – they are activities done for you, such as a haircut, a bus journey, or online tutoring. Many firms combine both: a restaurant provides a good (the meal) and a service (the waiting on tables).
企业销售的产品要么是商品，要么是服务。商品是有形的——你可以触摸它们，比如自行车、披萨或课本。服务是无形的——它们是为你完成的活动，如理发、公交搭乘或在线辅导。许多公司两者都提供：餐厅提供商品（餐食）和服务（餐桌服务）。
As you study business, you will explore how goods and services are created and delivered. Think of your school: education is a service, while your uniform and stationery are goods. Both require planning, resources and money. A simple bridging exercise is to list five things you used today and classify them as goods or services – this builds the vocabulary you need later.
在学习商业时，你将探究商品和服务如何被创造和交付。想想你的学校：教育是服务，而你的校服和文具是商品。两者都需要规划、资源和金钱。一个简单的衔接练习是列出你今天用到的五样东西，并分类为商品或服务——这能为你日后奠定词汇基础。
4. Factors of Production | 生产要素
To produce any good or service, businesses use resources called the factors of production. There are four:
- Land – natural resources from the earth, like fields, forests, water and minerals.
- Labour – the human effort and skills of workers.
- Capital – man‑made tools, machines, buildings and money used to produce goods.
- Enterprise – the entrepreneur who organises the other three factors, takes risks and makes decisions.
Every business, from a lemonade stand to a large factory, combines these factors.
为了生产任何商品或服务，企业使用被称为生产要素的资源。共有四种：
- 土地 – 来自地球的自然资源，如田地、森林、水和矿产。
- 劳动力 – 人的努力和工人的技能。
- 资本 – 用于生产商品的人造工具、机器、建筑和资金。
- 企业 – 组织其他三种要素、承担风险并做出决策的企业家。
从柠檬水摊到大型工厂，每个企业都结合了这些要素。
Understanding these helps you analyse any business. For example, a bakery uses land (the wheat field), labour (bakers), capital (ovens and flour mills) and enterprise (the owner’s recipe ideas). During summer, try to identify the four factors in a business near your home; it’s a great way to practise.
了解这些有助于你分析任何企业。例如，一家面包店使用土地（麦田）、劳动力（面包师）、资本（烤箱和面粉厂）和企业（老板的配方创意）。暑假里，试着识别你家附近一家企业的四种要素；这是很好的练习方式。
5. Types of Business Organisation | 企业组织类型
Businesses are organised differently depending on size and ownership. The main types you will meet in Year 7 are:
- Sole trader – owned and run by one person, e.g., a local plumber or a small online shop.
- Partnership – owned by two or more people who share profits and responsibilities, like a dental practice.
- Private limited company (Ltd) – ownership is split into shares; shares are not sold to the general public.
- Public limited company (plc) – shares can be bought and sold on the stock market by anyone.
Franchises, like a well-known fast‑food outlet, can be operated under any of these legal structures.
企业根据规模和所有权的不同而有不同的组织方式。你在七年级会遇到的主要类型有：
- 个体经营者 – 由一人拥有和经营，例如当地水管工或小型网店。
- 合伙企业 – 由两人或多人共同拥有，分享利润和责任，如一家牙科诊所。
- 私人有限公司 (Ltd) – 所有权被分割成股份；股份不向公众发售。
- 公共有限公司 (plc) – 任何人都可以在股票市场买卖其股份。
特许经营，如一家知名快餐店，可以在上述任何一种法律结构下运营。
A key difference is liability. Sole traders and most partnerships have unlimited liability – if the business fails, owners could lose personal belongings. Companies (Ltd and plc) offer limited liability, so shareholders only lose the money they invested. This table summarises the basics:
一个关键区别是责任。个体经营者和大多数合伙企业承担无限责任——如果企业失败，所有者可能失去个人财产。公司（Ltd和plc）提供有限责任，因此股东只损失他们投资的钱。下表总结了基本要点：
| Type | Owners | Liability |
|---|---|---|
| Sole Trader | One person | Unlimited |
| Partnership | 2 or more partners | Usually unlimited |
| Private Ltd (Ltd) | Shareholders | Limited |
| Public Ltd (plc) | Shareholders (public) | Limited |
Learning these early will prepare you for case studies, where you often need to recommend the best ownership structure for a start‑up.
尽早学习这些内容，会让你准备好应对案例研究，在这些案例中你常常需要为初创企业推荐最佳所有权结构。
6. Introduction to Demand and Supply | 供求入门
Demand is the quantity of a product that customers are willing and able to buy at a certain price. Supply is the quantity that businesses are willing and able to sell. These two forces interact to determine the market price. If demand for a product rises and supply stays the same, prices often go up. If supply increases while demand holds steady, prices tend to fall.
需求是指顾客在特定价格下愿意且能够购买的数量。供给是企业愿意且能够销售的数量。这两种力量相互作用，决定了市场价格。如果产品需求上升而供给不变，价格通常上涨。如果供给增加而需求不变，价格往往下降。
You don’t need complex graphs yet. A simple example: when a new gaming console is released and stocks are limited, shops may charge a higher price because many people want it (high demand) and there are only a few units (low supply). Keep an eye on prices during sales or at a local market – you’ll spot demand and supply in action.
你还不需要复杂的图表。一个简单的例子：当新款游戏机发布且库存有限时，商店可能收取更高的价格，因为很多人想要（高需求）而只有少数几台（低供给）。留意促销时或当地市场的价格——你会看到供求在起作用。
7. Simple Financial Concepts: Revenue, Costs and Profit | 简单财务概念：收入、成本与利润
Three numbers matter most in business: revenue, costs and profit. Revenue is the total money coming in from sales; it is calculated as Revenue = Price × Quantity sold. Costs are everything the business pays to produce and sell its product, such as raw materials, wages, rent and electricity. Profit is what remains: Profit = Revenue − Total costs.
商业中有三个最重要的数字：收入、成本和利润。收入是销售带来的总进账；计算公式为 收入 = 价格 × 销售数量。成本是企业为生产和销售产品而支付的一切，如原材料、工资、租金和电费。利润是剩下来的部分：利润 = 收入 − 总成本。
Let’s try a mini‑example. A cupcake stall sells 30 cupcakes at £2 each. Revenue = 30 × £2 = £60. The ingredients
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 商务 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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