Year 7 CIE Computer Science Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | 计算机词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 7 CIE Computer Science Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | 计算机词汇术语速记指南

Learning computer science starts with mastering the key words. In Year 7 of the CIE curriculum, you are introduced to foundational terms that describe how computers work, how they think, and how they communicate. This bilingual guide pairs every core term with a clear and easy-to-remember explanation, helping you build strong technical English skills and a deep understanding of the subject. By studying the vocabulary in context, you will not only remember the terms faster but also gain the confidence to use them correctly in exams, discussions, and practical projects. Let’s begin the journey from ‘bit’ to ‘algorithm’ and turn abstract tech words into familiar tools.

学习计算机科学要从掌握核心词汇开始。在 CIE 七年级课程中，你将接触到描述计算机工作方式、思维方式与通信方式的基础术语。这份双语指南为每一个核心词汇都配上了清晰且便于记忆的说明，既能帮你打下扎实的学科英语基础，也能让你真正理解这些概念。在语境中学词汇，你不仅会记得更快，还会更有信心在考试、讨论和实际操作中正确使用它们。让我们从”比特”走到”算法”，将抽象的技术词汇变成熟悉的工具。

1. What is a Computer? | 什么是计算机？

A computer is an electronic device that receives data, processes it according to a set of instructions, and produces output. The key idea is the ‘input → process → output’ model, often shortened to the IPO model. A computer can be a desktop machine, a laptop, a tablet, or even a smartphone. What makes it special is that it can be programmed to do different tasks by changing the software, without changing the physical machine. Remember: if it takes data, crunches it, and gives back results, it is acting as a computer.

计算机是一种电子设备，它接收数据，按照指令集进行处理，然后输出结果。关键思想是”输入 → 处理 → 输出”模型，常简称为 IPO 模型。计算机可以是台式机、笔记本电脑、平板电脑，甚至是智能手机。它之所以特别，是因为通过更换软件就可以让它完成不同的任务，而无需改变物理机器。记住：只要一个设备接收数据、处理数据并给出结果，它就在扮演计算机的角色。

Data – raw facts and figures that mean little on their own. | 数据——原始的事实和数字，本身意义不大。
Information – data that has been processed and given meaning. | 信息——经过处理并被赋予意义的数据。
IPO model – Input, Process, Output. | IPO 模型——输入、处理、输出。

2. Hardware vs Software | 硬件与软件

Hardware is any physical part of a computer you can touch: the monitor, keyboard, mouse, motherboard, and internal chips. Software is the set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. To make it easy to recall, think of hardware as the body and software as the mind. A game console is hardware; the game you play is software. Without software, hardware is just a pile of metal and plastic. Without hardware, software has nothing to run on.

硬件是计算机中可以触碰的任何物理部件：显示器、键盘、鼠标、主板和内部芯片。软件则是告诉硬件做什么的一套指令。为了方便记忆，可以把硬件看作身体，软件看作大脑。游戏机是硬件；你玩的游戏是软件。没有软件，硬件只是一堆金属和塑料。没有硬件，软件就没有运行的平台。

System software – runs the computer, e.g. operating systems like Windows or macOS. | 系统软件——让计算机运行起来的软件，如 Windows 或 macOS 操作系统。
Application software – helps the user do a specific task, e.g. word processor, browser. | 应用软件——帮助用户完成特定任务的软件，如文字处理软件、浏览器。

3. Central Processing Unit (CPU) | 中央处理器

The CPU is often called the brain of the computer. It carries out instructions from programs by performing basic arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output operations. The speed of a CPU is measured in gigahertz (GHz). A faster clock speed generally means more instructions can be processed per second. Inside the CPU there are cores; today many CPUs have multiple cores, allowing them to do several tasks at once. Remember: the CPU fetches, decodes, and executes instructions – the fetch-decode-execute cycle.

CPU 常被称为计算机的大脑。它通过执行基本的算术、逻辑、控制和输入/输出操作来处理程序指令。CPU 的速度以千兆赫兹（GHz）为单位。通常时钟频率越高，每秒钟可以处理的指令就越多。CPU 内部有核心；如今许多 CPU 拥有多个核心，能够同时处理多个任务。记住：CPU 会取指令、解码指令、执行指令——这就叫”取指-译码-执行”周期。

Core – a single processing unit within the CPU. | 核心——CPU 内部的一个处理单元。
Clock speed – the number of cycles a CPU can execute per second. | 时钟频率——CPU 每秒可执行的周期数。
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – part of the CPU that handles math and logic. | ALU（算术逻辑单元）——CPU 中处理数学和逻辑运算的部分。

4. Memory and Storage | 内存与存储

Memory and storage are both used to hold data, but they work very differently. RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile: it loses its data when the power is turned off. It holds the data and programs that are currently in use so the CPU can access them quickly. Storage (like a hard disk drive or solid-state drive) is non-volatile: it keeps data even without electricity. Think of RAM as a desk you work on, and storage as the drawers where you keep your files when you are done.

内存和存储器都用来存放数据，但它们的工作方式非常不同。RAM（随机存取存储器）是易失性的：一旦断电，数据就会丢失。它存放正在使用的数据和程序，这样 CPU 就能快速访问。存储器（如硬盘驱动器或固态硬盘）是非易失性的：即使没有电也能保存数据。可以把 RAM 想象成你工作的桌面，存储器则是你收纳文件的抽屉。

Volatile – loses content without power. | 易失性——断电后内容消失。
Non-volatile – keeps content even when powered off. | 非易失性——即使断电也能保留内容。
SSD – Solid State Drive, faster and more durable than traditional hard drives. | SSD——固态硬盘，比传统硬盘更快、更耐用。

5. Input Devices | 输入设备

Input devices allow the user to send data or commands to a computer. Common examples include the keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, microphone, scanner, and webcam. Every input device converts a human-friendly action into a form the computer can process. For quick recall, ask yourself: does the device put information into the computer? If yes, it is an input device. Sensors that measure temperature or light are also input devices.

输入设备使用户能够将数据或命令发送给计算机。常见的例子有键盘、鼠标、触摸屏、麦克风、扫描仪和网络摄像头。每一种输入设备都会将适合人类操作的动作转换为计算机能够处理的形式。想快速记住，就问自己：这个设备是不是把信息”输入”到计算机里？如果是，它就是输入设备。测量温度或光线的传感器同样是输入设备。

Keyboard – enters text and commands. | 键盘——输入文字和命令。
Mouse – a pointing device that moves a cursor. | 鼠标——用于移动光标的指向设备。
Touchscreen – combines display and input by sensing touch. | 触摸屏——通过感应触摸将显示与输入合二为一。

6. Output Devices | 输出设备

Output devices show or present the results of the computer’s processing. Monitors display visual information; printers produce hard copies on paper; speakers and headphones produce sound. A good way to remember is that output devices take data out from the computer and make it understandable to humans. Some devices, such as a touchscreen or a smartboard, act as both input and output.

输出设备用来显示或呈现计算机处理的结果。显示器呈现视觉信息；打印机在纸上产生硬拷贝；扬声器和耳机发出声音。一个很好的记忆方法是：输出设备将数据”输出”计算机，并使其能被人类理解。有些设备，如触摸屏或智能白板，同时兼具输入和输出功能。

Monitor – screens that display video and graphics. | 显示器——显示视频和图形的屏幕。
Printer – outputs text and images onto paper. | 打印机——将文字和图像输出到纸上。
Projector – displays the computer’s video on a large screen or wall. | 投影仪——将计算机画面投射到大屏幕或墙上。

7. Binary and Data Representation | 二进制与数据表示

Computers use binary – a base-2 number system made up of only two digits: 0 and 1. These digits are called bits. A group of 8 bits is called a byte. With enough bytes, we can represent numbers, letters, pictures, and sound. Text is often encoded using ASCII or Unicode, where each character is given a unique binary number. Binary may look confusing at first, but simply remember: computers only have two electrical states – on (1) and off (0). Everything you see on screen is built from millions of on/off switches.

计算机使用二进制——一种只有两个数字 0 和 1 的基-2 计数系统。这些数字称为比特。8 个比特组成一个字节。利用足够多的字节，我们就可以表示数字、字母、图片和声音。文本通常用 ASCII 或 Unicode 进行编码，每个字符被赋予一个唯一的二进制数。二进制一开始可能让人困惑，但只需记住：计算机只有两种电状态——开（1）和关（0）。你在屏幕上看到的一切都是由数百万个开关状态构建而成的。

Bit – the smallest unit of data, a 0 or a 1. | 比特——数据的最小单位，一个 0 或 1。
Byte – 8 bits. | 字节——8 个比特。
Kilobyte (KB) – about 1000 bytes. | 千字节（KB）——约 1000 个字节。
Megabyte (MB) – about 1 million bytes. | 兆字节（MB）——约 100 万个字节。
Gigabyte (GB) – about 1 billion bytes. | 吉字节（GB）——约 10 亿个字节。

8. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网

A network is two or more computers connected together to share resources, such as files, printers, or an internet connection. The largest network is the internet – a global system of interconnected networks. To send data across a network, devices follow rules called protocols (e.g. TCP/IP). Key hardware includes a switch that connects devices within a network, a router that connects networks, and a modem that converts signals for transmission over telephone lines or fibre optics.

网络是两台或多台计算机连接在一起，用于共享资源，如文件、打印机或互联网连接。最大的网络就是互联网——一个全球范围的网络互联系统。为了在网络上发送数据，设备需遵循称为协议的规则（如 TCP/IP）。关键的硬件包括在网络内部连接设备的交换机、连接不同网络的路由器，以及将信号进行转换以便通过电话线或光纤传输的调制解调器。

LAN – Local Area Network, covers a small area like a school. | 局域网——覆盖较小范围的网络，如学校。
WAN – Wide Area Network, connects LANs over large distances. | 广域网——远距离连接多个局域网的网络。
IP address – a unique number that identifies a device on a network. | IP 地址——在网络中标识设备的唯一编号。
Protocol – a set of rules for communication. | 协议——一套通信规则。

9. Algorithms and Programming Concepts | 算法与编程概念

An algorithm is a precise step-by-step plan to solve a problem or complete a task. It is like a recipe: it has a start, a sequence of clear instructions, and an end. In computing, algorithms can be turned into programs using programming languages such as Scratch, Python, or JavaScript. Important building blocks include sequence (doing steps in order), selection (making decisions with IF statements), and iteration (repeating steps with loops). A variable is a named space in memory that stores a value which can change while the program runs.

算法是解决一个问题或完成一项任务的精确的、分步的计划。它就像一份食谱：有一个开始、一系列清晰的指令和一个结束。在计算领域，算法可以用 Scratch、Python 或 JavaScript 等编程语言转换成程序。重要的构建块包括顺序（按顺序执行步骤）、选择（用 IF 语句做决定）和迭代（用循环重复步骤）。变量是内存中一个有名字的空间，存储着程序运行时可以改变的值。

Sequence – one instruction after another. | 顺序——一条指令接着另一条指令。
Selection – IF…THEN…ELSE, choosing a path. | 选择——IF…THEN…ELSE，选择一条路径。
Iteration – loops like FOR and WHILE. | 迭代——FOR 和 WHILE 这样的循环。
Variable – a container for data that can change. | 变量——存放数据的容器，数据可以改变。

10. Cybersecurity and Digital Ethics | 网络安全与数字伦理

Cybersecurity means protecting computers, networks, and data from theft, damage, or unauthorised access. Common threats include viruses, malware, phishing (fake emails tricking you into giving away passwords), and social engineering. To stay safe, we use strong passwords, keep software updated, and never share personal details with untrusted sources. Digital ethics also teaches us about responsible online behaviour: respecting copyright, avoiding plagiarism, and treating others kindly in digital spaces.

网络安全指保护计算机、网络和数据免遭盗窃、损坏或未经授权的访问。常见的威胁包括病毒、恶意软件、网络钓鱼（通过虚假邮件骗取你的密码）以及社会工程学攻击。为了保持安全，我们要使用强密码、及时更新软件，并且绝不向不可信的来源透露个人信息。数字伦理也教导我们负责任的上网行为：尊重版权、避免抄袭，以及在数字空间善待他人。

Malware – malicious software designed to cause harm. | 恶意软件——旨在造成危害的软件。
Phishing – a scam that tries to steal sensitive information by pretending to be trustworthy. | 网络钓鱼——通过伪装成可信来源来窃取敏感信息的诈骗手段。
Firewall – a system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic. | 防火墙——监控和控制网络进出流量的系统。
Encryption – scrambling data so only authorised users can read it. | 加密——对数据进行加扰，只有授权用户才能读取。

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Year 7 CIE Computer Science Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | 计算机词汇术语速记指南