📚 Year 7 CIE Computing: Summer Preview and Bridging Course | 七年级CIE计算机：暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to the exciting world of Computing! This summer bridging course is designed for students entering Year 7 following the CIE Lower Secondary Computing curriculum. You will explore key concepts from hardware and software to algorithms and online safety, building a strong foundation for future studies. Each section provides essential knowledge and practical tips to help you transition smoothly and confidently into secondary-level computing.
欢迎来到精彩的计算机世界！本暑期衔接课程专为即将进入七年级并遵循CIE初中计算机课程的学生设计。你将探索从硬件、软件到算法与在线安全的关键概念，为未来的学习打下坚实基础。每个部分都提供必备知识和实用技巧，帮助你平稳自信地过渡到中学阶段的计算机学习。
1. What is Computing? | 什么是计算机科学？
Computing is the study of how computers work and how we can use them to solve problems. It is not just about using applications; it involves understanding the principles of computer systems, creating programs, and thinking logically to design solutions. The subject combines three main areas: computer science (how computers and networks function), information technology (how to use digital tools to create content), and digital literacy (how to use technology safely and responsibly).
计算机科学研究计算机如何工作，以及我们如何利用它们解决问题。它不仅仅是使用应用程序，还包括理解计算机系统原理、创建程序以及通过逻辑思考来设计解决方案。该学科结合了三个主要领域：计算机科学（计算机和网络如何运作）、信息技术（如何使用数字工具创建内容）和数字素养（如何安全、负责任地使用技术）。
In Year 7, you will start by learning the fundamental building blocks of computing, such as input and output devices, simple data representation, and basic programming concepts. These topics will prepare you for more advanced areas like cybersecurity, artificial intelligence and data management in later years.
在七年级，你将从学习计算机的基础构建模块开始，例如输入输出设备、简单的数据表示和基本编程概念。这些主题将为你今后学习网络安全、人工智能和数据管理等更高级的领域做好准备。
2. Understanding Computer Systems | 了解计算机系统
A computer system is a combination of hardware and software working together to process data. Hardware refers to the physical parts you can touch, such as the processor, memory, keyboard and monitor. Software is the set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. Together, they allow a computer to receive input, process it, store information and produce output.
计算机系统是硬件和软件协同工作以处理数据的组合。硬件是指你可以触摸到的物理部件，如处理器、内存、键盘和显示器。软件是指告诉硬件做什么的一套指令。它们共同使计算机能够接收输入、处理数据、存储信息并产生输出。
All computer systems follow the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model. For example, when you type on a keyboard (input), the computer’s CPU processes the keystrokes, and the text appears on the screen (output). Understanding this basic cycle is essential before diving into more complex topics.
所有计算机系统都遵循输入-处理-输出（IPO）模型。例如，当你在键盘上打字（输入）时，计算机的CPU处理击键，文本随后显示在屏幕上（输出）。在深入研究更复杂的主题之前，理解这个基本循环至关重要。
3. Input, Output, and Storage Devices | 输入、输出与存储设备
Input devices allow users to send data to a computer. Common examples include keyboards, mice, touchscreens, microphones and scanners. Output devices display or present processed data, such as monitors, printers and speakers. Some devices, like a touchscreen or a headset with a microphone, can serve as both input and output.
输入设备允许用户向计算机发送数据。常见例子包括键盘、鼠标、触摸屏、麦克风和扫描仪。输出设备用于显示或呈现处理后的数据，如显示器、打印机和扬声器。有些设备，如触摸屏或带麦克风的耳机，可以同时作为输入和输出设备使用。
Storage devices keep data and programs for future use. Primary storage, like RAM, is fast but temporary, while secondary storage, such as hard drives, SSDs and USB flash drives, retains data even when the power is off. Cloud storage is also a modern form of secondary storage that lets you save files on remote servers via the internet.
存储设备用于保存数据和程序以供将来使用。主存储器（如RAM）速度快但是暂时的，而辅助存储器（如硬盘、固态硬盘和USB闪存驱动器）即使在断电时也能保留数据。云存储也是一种现代的辅助存储形式，它使你能够通过互联网将文件保存在远程服务器上。
4. Software: System and Application | 软件：系统软件与应用软件
Software is divided into two main categories: system software and application software. System software includes the operating system (OS) and utility programs that manage the computer’s hardware and provide a platform for running applications. Examples of operating systems are Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Android and iOS.
软件分为两大类：系统软件和应用软件。系统软件包括操作系统（OS）和管理计算机硬件并为运行应用程序提供平台的实用程序。操作系统的例子有Microsoft Windows、macOS、Linux、Android和iOS。
Application software helps users perform specific tasks. Word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers, games and photo-editing programs are all application software. In Year 7, you will mainly use application software for learning but will also begin to understand how the operating system controls file management and user accounts.
应用软件帮助用户执行特定任务。文字处理软件、电子表格、网页浏览器、游戏和照片编辑程序都属于应用软件。在七年级，你主要使用应用软件进行学习，但也将开始了解操作系统如何控制文件管理和用户账户。
5. Binary and Data Representation | 二进制与数据表示
Computers use the binary number system, which consists of only two digits: 0 and 1. These are called bits. All types of data — text, images, sound and video — are represented inside a computer as sequences of bits. Eight bits make up one byte, and larger units like kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB) and gigabytes (GB) are used to measure file sizes and storage capacity.
计算机使用二进制数字系统，它仅由两个数字组成：0和1。这些数字称为比特（位）。所有类型的数据——文本、图像、声音和视频——在计算机内部都表示为比特序列。八个比特构成一个字节，更大的单位如千字节（KB）、兆字节（MB）和吉字节（GB）用于衡量文件大小和存储容量。
To understand how text is stored, you can learn about character sets like ASCII and Unicode. Each character is assigned a unique binary number. For example, the uppercase letter ‘A’ is represented as 01000001 in binary (decimal 65). Simple image representation uses pixels, where each pixel’s colour is stored as binary values.
要理解文本如何存储，你可以学习ASCII和Unicode等字符集。每个字符分配一个唯一的二进制数。例如，大写字母’A’用二进制表示为01000001（十进制65）。简单的图像表示使用像素，每个像素的颜色以二进制值存储。
| Character | ASCII Code (Decimal) | Binary |
|---|---|---|
| A | 65 | 0100 0001 |
| B | 66 | 0100 0010 |
| a | 97 | 0110 0001 |
6. Introduction to Algorithms | 算法入门
An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions designed to solve a problem or complete a task. You use algorithms in daily life without realising it — for example, following a recipe to bake a cake or giving directions to a friend. In computing, algorithms must be precise, unambiguous and finite (they must end after a certain number of steps).
算法是一套逐步设计的指令，用于解决问题或完成任务。你在日常生活中不经意间就使用着算法——例如，依照食谱烤蛋糕或给朋友指路。在计算机科学中，算法必须精确、无歧义且有限（即必须在有限步骤后结束）。
Good algorithms are efficient and can be expressed in different ways: as written descriptions, flowcharts or pseudocode. Learning to design simple algorithms helps you think like a programmer. Common examples in Year 7 include algorithms for sorting numbers, finding the largest value in a list and calculating the area of shapes.
好的算法是高效的，并能以不同方式表达：书面描述、流程图或伪代码。学习设计简单的算法有助于你像程序员一样思考。七年级中常见的算法例子包括数字排序、找出列表中最大值以及计算图形面积。
7. Flowcharts and Pseudocode | 流程图与伪代码
Flowcharts are visual diagrams that represent algorithms using standard symbols. Oval shapes indicate the start and end, rectangles represent processes or actions, diamonds show decisions, and arrows guide the flow. Flowcharts make it easier to trace logic and spot errors before coding.
流程图是使用标准符号表示算法的可视化图表。椭圆形表示开始和结束，矩形表示过程或操作，菱形表示判断，箭头引导流程方向。流程图使得在编程之前更容易追踪逻辑和发现错误。
Pseudocode is a way of writing algorithms in a simplified, human-readable form that resembles programming code but does not follow strict syntax rules. It uses plain English keywords like INPUT, OUTPUT, IF…THEN…ELSE and WHILE. Here is a simple pseudocode example for checking whether a number is even:
INPUT number
IF number MOD 2 = 0 THEN
OUTPUT ‘Even’
ELSE
OUTPUT ‘Odd’
ENDIF
伪代码是一种用简化的、人类可读的形式编写算法的方法，它类似于编程代码但不遵循严格的语法规则。它使用纯英语关键字，如INPUT、OUTPUT、IF…THEN…ELSE和WHILE。以下是一个检查数字是否为偶数的简单伪代码示例：
输入 number
如果 number MOD 2 = 0 则
输出 ‘偶数’
否则
输出 ‘奇数’
结束如果
8. Scratch Programming Basics | Scratch编程基础
Scratch is a block-based visual programming language developed by MIT. It allows beginners to create interactive stories, games and animations without typing code. In Scratch, you drag and connect code blocks that represent instructions, such as moving a sprite, playing sounds or checking conditions.
Scratch是由麻省理工学院开发的一种基于积木的可视化编程语言。它允许初学者通过拖拽和连接代码块来创建互动故事、游戏和动画，而无需键入代码。在Scratch中，你拖拽并连接代表指令的代码块，例如移动角色、播放声音或检查条件。
Key concepts in Scratch include sprites (characters or objects), backdrops (background scenes), costumes (different appearances of a sprite), and scripts (the sequence of blocks). You will learn loops, conditionals, variables and event handling, which are the same programming constructs used in text-based languages like Python.
Scratch中的关键概念包括精灵（角色或对象）、背景（背景场景）、造型（精灵的不同外观）和脚本（积木序列）。你将学习循环、条件判断、变量和事件处理，这些构造与基于文本的语言（如Python）中使用的编程构造相同。
Try this simple Scratch script to make a cat sprite move 10 steps when the green flag is clicked: when green flag clicked → move 10 steps → say ‘Hello!’ for 2 seconds.
尝试这个简单的Scratch脚本，让小猫精灵在点击绿旗时移动10步：当绿旗被点击 → 移动10步 → 说 ‘你好！’ 2秒。
9. Computational Thinking Skills | 计算思维技能
Computational thinking is the thought process involved in formulating problems and their solutions so that the solutions can be carried out by a computer. It consists of four key techniques: decomposition (breaking a big problem into smaller parts), pattern recognition (spotting similarities), abstraction (focusing on important details and ignoring irrelevant ones), and algorithm design (creating step-by-step solutions).
计算思维是指在表述问题及其解决方案时所涉及的思维过程，使解决方案能够由计算机执行。它包括四种关键技术：分解（将大问题分解为较小部分）、模式识别（发现相似之处）、抽象（关注重要细节并忽略无关部分）和算法设计（创建逐步解决方案）。
These skills are not only useful for programming; they help in many subjects and real-life situations. For example, when planning a school trip, you decompose tasks (transport, food, schedule), recognise patterns from past trips, abstract key requirements and design a detailed itinerary.
这些技能不仅对编程有用，它们在许多学科和现实生活中也有帮助。例如，在计划一次学校旅行时，你会分解任务（交通、食物、日程），识别以往旅行的模式，抽象出关键要求，并设计详细的行程。
10. Online Safety and Digital Citizenship | 网络安全与数字公民
Staying safe online is a crucial part of the Year 7 computing curriculum. You must learn to protect personal information, recognise suspicious messages and understand the risks of cyberbullying, phishing and malware. Always use strong, unique passwords and avoid sharing details like your full name, address or school name in public forums.
安全上网是七年级计算机课程的重要组成部分。你必须学会保护个人信息，识别可疑信息，并理解网络欺凌、网络钓鱼和恶意软件的风险。始终使用强而独特的密码，并避免在公共论坛上分享你的全名、地址或学校名称等详细信息。
Digital citizenship is about using technology responsibly and ethically. This means respecting others online, giving credit when using someone else’s work, and understanding your digital footprint — the trail of data you leave behind when using the internet. Remember that what you post online can stay there forever.
数字公民涉及负责任地、合乎道德地使用技术。这意味着在网上尊重他人，使用他人作品时注明出处，以及理解你的数字足迹——你在使用互联网时留下的数据痕迹。请记住，你在网上发布的内容可能永远留在那里。
11. Introduction to Networks | 网络入门
A computer network is a group of interconnected devices that can share resources and communicate. Networks can be small, like a home Wi-Fi network connecting a few devices, or huge, like the internet, which connects billions of devices worldwide. The main types of networks you will learn about are LAN (Local Area Network) and WAN (Wide Area Network).
计算机网络是一组相互连接的设备，它们可以共享资源并进行通信。网络可以很小，如连接几台设备的家庭Wi-Fi网络，也可以很大，如连接全球数十亿设备的互联网。你将要学习的主要网络类型是局域网（LAN）和广域网（WAN）。
Key hardware in a network includes routers, switches and network interface cards. Data is transmitted using protocols — rules that govern communication. For example, when you visit a website, your device uses HTTP or HTTPS protocols to fetch pages from a server. Understanding basic networking helps you appreciate how the internet works.
网络中的关键硬件包括路由器、交换机和网络接口卡。数据使用协议传输——即管理通信的规则。例如，当你访问一个网站时，你的设备使用HTTP或HTTPS协议从服务器获取页面。了解基本网络知识有助于你理解互联网的工作原理。
12. How to Prepare for Year 7 Computing | 如何为七年级计算机科学做准备
To make the most of your Year 7 computing lessons, you can start preparing over the summer. First, practise keyboard typing skills using free online tools — being able to type quickly and accurately will help you in all your computing tasks. Second, explore Scratch by creating simple projects; the Scratch online community is full of tutorials and examples.
为了充分利用七年级的计算机课程，你可以在暑假开始准备。首先，使用免费在线工具练习键盘打字技能——能够快速准确地打字将对你的所有计算机任务有所帮助。其次，通过创建简单项目来探索Scratch；Scratch在线社区充满了教程和示例。
Additionally, read about the parts inside a computer and learn basic file management on your device (creating folders, saving files in the right places). Talk to your family about online safety and set up strong passwords together. Finally, approach the subject with curiosity — computing rewards creativity and logical thinking equally.
此外，阅读有关计算机内部部件的知识，并在你的设备上学习基本的文件管理（创建文件夹，将文件保存在正确的位置）。与家人讨论网络安全，一起设置强密码。最后，带着好奇心学习这门学科——计算机科学同样奖励创造力和逻辑思维。
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