📚 Year 7 CIE Computer Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 7 CIE 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Learning computer science is like picking up a new language. The key to doing well in your Year 7 CIE Computer Science course is to build a strong mental dictionary of core terms. This guide pairs every essential term with a simple explanation and a memory trick, so you can recall vocabulary quickly during lessons and exams.
学习计算机科学就像学习一门新语言。要在 Year 7 CIE 计算机课程中取得好成绩，关键在于建立牢固的核心术语脑内词典。本指南为每个必备术语配上了简单的解释和记忆窍门，让你在课堂和考试中能迅速回想起相关词汇。
1. Inside a Computer: Hardware vs. Software | 计算机内部：硬件与软件
Hardware refers to all the physical parts of a computer you can see and touch, such as the keyboard, monitor, mouse, and the circuits inside the case. Think of hardware as the body of the computer.
硬件指计算机中你能看见并触摸到的所有物理部件，例如键盘、显示器、鼠标以及机箱内的电路。可以把硬件想象成计算机的躯体。
Software is a collection of programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Operating systems like Windows, applications like a web browser, and even the code behind a game are all software. Without software, hardware would be lifeless.
软件是一组告诉硬件该做什么的程序和指令。像 Windows 这类操作系统、网页浏览器等应用程序，乃至游戏背后的代码都属于软件。没有软件，硬件就毫无生机。
Memory trick: ‘Hard’ means solid (hardware is touchable); ‘soft’ means flexible and invisible (software is untouchable). Remember ‘hard body, soft mind’.
记忆窍门：‘Hard’ 意味着坚实（硬件可触摸）；’soft’ 意味着灵活且无形（软件不可触摸）。记住 ‘硬件是身体，软件是思想’。
2. The Brain of the Computer: CPU and Memory | 计算机的大脑：CPU与内存
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often compared to the computer’s brain. It carries out instructions from programs by performing calculations and making logical decisions. Every click or typed letter involves the CPU processing data.
中央处理器（CPU）常被比作计算机的大脑。它通过执行计算和逻辑判断来运行程序的指令。每一次点击或打字都离不开 CPU 处理数据。
Memory comes in two main types: RAM (Random Access Memory) is the computer’s short‑term workspace that forgets everything when the power is turned off. ROM (Read‑Only Memory) holds permanent instructions needed to start the computer, like the BIOS.
内存主要分两种：RAM（随机存取存储器）是计算机的短期工作区，断电后数据会消失。ROM（只读存储器）保存启动计算机所需的永久指令，比如 BIOS。
Memory trick: Imagine the CPU as an extremely fast chef and RAM as the kitchen counter where ingredients are placed temporarily. ROM is the recipe book that is never erased.
记忆窍门：把 CPU 想象成一位极快的厨师，RAM 是临时放置食材的厨房台面。ROM 则是永不擦除的食谱书。
3. Input, Output, and Storage Devices | 输入、输出与存储设备
Input devices send data into the computer. Examples include the keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, microphone, and scanner. Whatever you type or click becomes the raw data the CPU works on.
输入设备将数据送入计算机。例如键盘、鼠标、触摸屏、麦克风和扫描仪。你键入或点击的任何内容都会成为 CPU 处理的原始数据。
Output devices take processed information from the computer and present it to the user. Common output devices are the monitor, speakers, printer, and headphones.
输出设备将计算机处理后的信息呈现给用户。常见的输出设备有显示器、扬声器、打印机和耳机。
Storage devices keep data safe even when the power is off. Hard disk drives (HDDs), solid‑state drives (SSDs), USB flash drives, and cloud storage all serve this purpose. They provide permanent storage unlike RAM.
存储设备即使在断电后也能保存数据。硬盘（HDD）、固态硬盘（SSD）、U 盘和云存储都用于这一目的。它们提供与 RAM 不同的永久存储。
Memory trick: Follow the IPO model – Input → Process → Output. Picture a toaster: bread (input) goes in, heat processes it, toast (output) comes out. The bread bag is storage.
记忆窍门：遵循 IPO 模型——输入 → 处理 → 输出。想象一台烤面包机：面包（输入）放入，加热处理，吐司（输出）弹出。面包袋则是存储。
4. Bits, Bytes, and Binary | 比特、字节与二进制
A bit is the smallest unit of data in computing and can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1. A group of 8 bits makes 1 byte. Most computer storage is measured in bytes – kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes.
比特是计算机中最小的数据单位，只能表示 0 或 1 两个值之一。8 个比特组成 1 个字节。计算机存储多以字节为单位——千字节、兆字节、吉字节和太字节。
Binary is a number system that uses only 0s and 1s. All data inside a computer, whether text, pictures, or sounds, is ultimately stored as binary digits. Each position in a binary number represents a power of 2, from right to left.
二进制是只使用 0 和 1 的数字系统。计算机内部的所有数据，无论是文字、图片还是声音，最终都以二进制数字存储。二进制数中每一位从右向左代表 2 的幂。
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2⁷ 2⁶ 2⁵ 2⁴ 2³ 2² 2¹ 2⁰
For example, the binary number 01000001 equals 65 in decimal (64 + 1), which represents the capital letter ‘A’ in the ASCII code.
例如，二进制数 01000001 等于十进制 65（64 + 1），在 ASCII 码中代表大写字母 ‘A’。
Memory trick: ‘Bit’ sounds like a tiny bite of a cookie. Remember ‘8 bits joined together make a byte’, just like 8 small bricks build a mini wall.
记忆窍门：‘Bit’ 听起来像一小口饼干。记住 ‘8 个比特组成一个字节’，就像 8 块小砖砌成一堵迷你墙。
5. Introduction to Algorithms | 算法入门
An algorithm is a step‑by‑step set of instructions designed to complete a specific task, much like a cooking recipe. Good algorithms are clear, efficient, and can handle different inputs. In computer science, we write algorithms before we start coding.
算法是为完成特定任务而设计的一组循序渐进的指令，很像一份烹饪食谱。好的算法清晰、高效且能处理不同输入。在计算机科学中，我们在开始编码前先编写算法。
Flowcharts are a visual way to represent algorithms. The oval shape marks the start or end, a rectangle indicates a process or action, and a diamond shape shows a decision where a yes/no question is asked. Arrows guide the flow.
流程图是表示算法的可视化方法。椭圆形标记开始或结束，矩形表示处理或动作，菱形表示需要回答是/否的决策点。箭头引导流程方向。
Memory trick: Think of an algorithm as a recipe for a robot. The robot follows each instruction exactly, so you must be precise. ‘Recipe = Algorithm’ is a useful link.
记忆窍门：把算法想成给机器人的食谱。机器人会精确执行每条指令，因此你必须做到精确。’食谱 = 算法’ 是个有用的联系。
6. Programming Building Blocks | 编程基本构件
A variable is a named container that stores a piece of data in a program. You can think of it as a box with a label on the outside. The value inside the box can change while the program runs—hence the name ‘variable’.
变量是程序中存储数据的命名容器。你可以把它看作一个外面贴着标签的盒子。程序运行时，盒子里面的值可以改变——因此得名 ‘变量’。
Assignment gives a value to a variable. In many beginner languages, we write something like score = 0 or name = “Ali”. The equals sign means ‘gets the value’ not ‘equals’ in mathematics.
赋值是给变量一个值。在许多入门语言中，我们会写类似 score = 0 或 name = “Ali” 的语句。这里的等号表示 ‘取得该值’，不是数学中的相等。
Input and output commands let the program talk to the user. An input command waits for the user to type something; an output command displays text on the screen, often using print or say.
输入和输出命令让程序与用户对话。输入命令等待用户输入内容；输出命令在屏幕上显示文字，通常使用 print 或 say。
Memory trick: Imagine a variable as a school locker with your name on it. The locker can store different items (books, boots) over time, but the label stays the same.
记忆窍门：把变量想象成写着你名字的学校储物柜。储物柜随时可以存放不同物品（书本、鞋子），但标签始终不变。
7. Control Flow: Sequence, Selection, Iteration | 控制流：顺序、选择、迭代
Sequence is the simplest control flow: instructions are executed one after another, from top to bottom, in the order they appear. Every program uses sequence as its backbone.
顺序是最简单的控制流：指令按照出现的次序从上到下依次执行。每个程序都以顺序结构为骨架。
Selection allows a program to make decisions. The most common form is the ‘if‑else’ statement. When the condition is true, one block of code runs; when false, another block might run. This is how computers seem ‘smart’.
选择结构允许程序做出判断。最常见的形式是 ‘if‑else’ 语句。当条件为真时，执行一段代码；为假时，可能执行另一段。这就是计算机看似 ‘聪明’ 的原因。
Iteration means repeating a block of code – often called loops. Two main types are count‑controlled loops (FOR loops, repeat a set number of times) and condition‑controlled loops (WHILE loops, repeat until a condition changes).
迭代意味着重复一段代码——常被称为循环。两种主要类型是计数控制循环（FOR 循环，重复固定次数）和条件控制循环（WHILE 循环，重复直到条件改变）。
Memory trick: Remember the acronym SSI: Sequence, Selection, Iteration. Picture stepping stones (sequence), a fork in the road (selection), and a roundabout (iteration).
记忆窍门：记住缩写 SSI：顺序、选择、迭代。想象踏脚石（顺序）、岔路口（选择）和环岛（迭代）。
8. Data Types and Simple Operators | 数据类型与简单运算符
Data comes in different types. An integer is a whole number, e.g. 7, -3, 0. A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotes, like “Hello123”. A boolean value is either TRUE or FALSE – named after George Boole.
数据有不同的类型。整数是完整的数字，例如 7、-3、0。字符串是用引号括起来的字符序列，如 “Hello123″。布尔值只有 TRUE 或 FALSE——以乔治·布尔的名字命名。
Operators are symbols that perform actions on data. Arithmetic operators include + (addition), – (subtraction), * (multiplication), and / (division). The order of operations (BODMAS) also applies in programming.
运算符是对数据执行操作的符号。算术运算符包括 +（加）、-（减）、*（乘）和 /（除）。运算顺序（BODMAS）在编程中同样适用。
Comparison operators check the relationship between two values. Common ones are == (equal to), != (not equal to), > (greater than), and < (less than). They are essential for selection statements.
比较运算符检查两个值之间的关系。常见的有 ==（等于）、!=（不等于）、>（大于）和 <（小于）。它们对选择语句至关重要。
Memory trick: Think of data types as different-shaped containers: a square box for integers, a long tube for strings, and a simple on/off switch for booleans.
记忆窍门：把数据类型想象成不同形状的容器：整数是方盒子，字符串是长管子，布尔值是一个简单的开/关开关。
9. Networking Basics | 网络基础
A network is when two or more computers are connected together to share resources and data. A Local Area Network (LAN) covers a small geographical area, like a school or an office. A Wide Area Network (WAN) spreads across cities or countries; the internet is the largest WAN.
网络是指两台或多台计算机连接在一起以共享资源和数据。局域网（LAN）覆盖小范围地理区域，如学校或办公室。广域网（WAN）跨越城市或国家；互联网是最大的广域网。
A router directs data packets between different networks, much like a post office sorting letters. A switch connects devices within the same network, allowing them to talk to each other efficiently.
路由器在不同网络之间引导数据包，很像邮局分拣信件。交换机连接同一网络内的设备，让它们高效地彼此通信。
Every device on a network has an IP address (a unique number like 192.168.1.10) so data finds the right destination. A URL (web address) is easier for humans to remember and is translated into an IP address by a DNS server.
网络上的每台设备都有 IP 地址（如 192.168.1.10 这样的唯一数字），以便数据找到正确目的地。URL（网址）对人类更容易记忆，由 DNS 服务器转换为 IP 地址。
Memory trick: LAN = Local (think ‘local neighbourhood’). IP address = ‘Internet Postal address’ – it tells the network where to deliver data.
记忆窍门：LAN = 局部 (‘本地街区’)。IP 地址 = ‘互联网邮政地址’——它告诉网络把数据递送到哪里。
10. Staying Safe and Ethical Online | 安全与网络道德
Cybersecurity means protecting your devices and data from attacks. A strong password – long, with a mix of letters, numbers and symbols – is your first line of defence. Never share passwords with friends.
网络安全意味着保护你的设备和数据免受攻击。一个强密码——长，且混合字母、数字和符号——是你的第一道防线。绝不要与朋友分享密码。
Malware is malicious software designed to damage or gain unauthorised access. Types include viruses (spread by copying themselves), worms, and spyware. Firewalls and anti‑virus programs help block malware.
恶意软件是旨在破坏或非法访问的恶意程序。类型包括病毒（通过自我复制传播）、蠕虫和间谍软件。防火墙和防病毒程序有助于阻止恶意软件。
Netiquette is the set of polite behaviour rules for online communication. Be respectful, avoid typing in ALL CAPS (which feels like shouting), and think before you post. Your digital footprint stays online for a long time.
网络礼仪是用于在线交流的一套礼貌行为规则。要尊重他人，避免全部使用大写字母（感觉像在大喊大叫），发帖前要三思。你的数字足迹会长期留存在网上。
Copyright law protects creators’ original work. You cannot use someone else’s images, music or text without permission, unless it is for educational fair use or shared under a Creative Commons licence. Always credit your sources.
版权法保护创作者的原创作品。未经许可，你不能使用他人的图片、音乐或文字，除非是教育用途的合理使用或根据知识共享许可分享。永远要注明出处。
Memory trick: For safety, think ‘STOP’: Strong passwords, Think before clicking, Only trusted sites, Protect personal info.
记忆窍门：关于安全，记住 ‘STOP’：强密码 (Strong)、点击前思考 (Think)、仅限可信站点 (Only)、保护个人信息 (Protect)。
11. The Software Development Lifecycle | 软件开发生命周期
The software development lifecycle (SDLC) is a framework that describes the phases of creating software. The main stages are analysis, design, implementation (coding), testing, and maintenance. Some models include an evaluation stage as well.
软件开发生命周期（SDLC）是描述创建软件的阶段的框架。主要阶段包括分析、设计、实施（编码）、测试和维护。有些模型还包含评估阶段。
During analysis, developers find out exactly what the user needs – often called requirements. Design plans the solution using structure diagrams, wireframes, or flowcharts. Implementation is where the actual program is written.
在分析阶段，开发人员准确找出用户需求——常称为需求分析。设计阶段使用结构图、线框图或流程图规划解决方案。实施阶段则编写实际程序。
Testing checks whether the program works correctly. Test data should include normal values (what the user expects), boundary values (at the edges of what is allowed), and erroneous values (data that should be rejected). Debugging fixes the mistakes found during testing.
测试检查程序是否运行正确。测试数据应包括正常值（用户期望的）、边界值（允许范围的边缘）和异常值（应被拒绝的数据）。调试用于修正测试中发现的错误。
Maintenance keeps the software working after release, fixing bugs and adding new features. Remember that real‑world software evolves over time.
维护让软件在发布后持续工作，修复缺陷并增加新功能。记住，真实世界的软件会随时间演进。
Memory trick: Use ‘A DIME’ to remember the stages: Analysis, Design, Implementation, Maintenance, Evaluation.
记忆窍门：用 ‘A DIME’ 记住各阶段：分析、设计、实施、维护、评估。
12. Memory Techniques and Quick Quiz | 记忆技巧与快速测验
Throughout this guide, you have met several memory techniques: acronyms (SSI, IPO, STOP), visual associations (locker for a variable, chef for CPU), and rhymes or sound links (bit = tiny bite). Mix these methods when studying. Write tricky terms on sticky notes and place them where you will see them daily.
本指南中你已经见到好几种记忆技巧：首字母缩写（SSI、IPO、STOP）、形象联想（变量像储物柜，CPU 像厨师）以及谐音或声音关联（bit 像一小口）。学习时混合使用这些方法。把难记的术语写在便利贴上，贴在你每天能看到的地方。
Now try this quick self‑quiz to test your new vocabulary. Read each question and try to answer before peeking at the hint.
现在试试这个快速自测，检验你的新词汇。阅读每个问题，尽量在偷看提示前作答。
Q1: What does CPU stand for? (Hint: the brain of the computer.)
Answer: Central Processing Unit.
问题1：CPU 代表什么？（提示：计算机的大脑。）
答案：中央处理器。
Q2: How many bits are in 1 byte? (Hint: think of 8 small building blocks.)
Answer: 8 bits.
问题2：1 字节有多少比特？（提示：想想 8 块小积木。）
答案：8 比特。
Q3: Name the three types of control flow. (Hint: SSI.)
Answer: Sequence, Selection, Iteration.
问题3：列出三种控制流类型。（提示：SSI。）
答案：顺序、选择、迭代。
Q4: What is the difference between RAM and ROM? (Hint: one forgets, one remembers forever.)
Answer: RAM is temporary, loses data when powered off; ROM is permanent, stores start‑up instructions.
问题4：RAM 和 ROM 的区别是什么？（提示：一个会忘记，一个永远记住。）
答案：RAM 是临时的，断电丢失数据；ROM 是永久的，存储启动指令。
Q5: Which symbol in an algorithm represents a decision? (Hint: it has a yes/no.)
Answer: A diamond shape.
问题5：算法中哪个符号表示决策？（提示：它有是/否。）
答案：菱形。
Q6: Give one example of an output device.
Answer: Monitor, speaker, printer, etc.
问题6：举一个输出设备的例子。
答案：显示器、扬声器、打印机等。
Memory trick to remember the seven quiz answers: Create a silly sentence using the first letters: ‘Clever Computer Students Always Remember Data Answers.’
记忆七个测验答案的窍
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