Year 7 CIE Geography: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 CIE 地理：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 7 CIE Geography: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 CIE 地理：核心知识点梳理

Year 7 CIE Geography builds a solid foundation for understanding our planet and the interactions between people and their environment. This revision guide consolidates the essential topics covered in the first year of the Cambridge Lower Secondary programme, from map skills and weather to population and environmental challenges. Mastering these core concepts will help you tackle assessments with confidence and develop geographical thinking for the years ahead.

Year 7 CIE 地理课程为理解我们的星球以及人类与环境之间的相互作用奠定了坚实基础。这份复习指南梳理了剑桥初中课程第一年所涵盖的核心主题，从地图技能、天气到人口与环境挑战。掌握这些核心概念，能帮助你自信迎接评估，并为未来的学习培养地理思维。

1. What is Geography? | 什么是地理？

Geography is the study of the Earth’s surfaces, the processes that shape them, and the relationships between people and their environments. It is divided into physical geography – which examines natural features like mountains, rivers and climate – and human geography, which investigates how people live, work and interact with the planet.

地理学是研究地球表面、塑造其形态的过程，以及人类与环境之间关系的学科。它分为自然地理——研究山脉、河流和气候等自然特征，以及人文地理，研究人们如何生活、工作以及与地球互动。

Geographers ask ‘where?’ and ‘why there?’ questions to understand patterns and changes. Key concepts include location, place, scale, interdependence, and sustainability. By studying geography, you learn to analyse maps, data and case studies, developing skills that are valuable in everyday life.

地理学家通过提出“在哪里？”和“为什么在那里？”的问题来理解模式和变化。核心概念包括位置、地方、尺度、相互依赖和可持续性。通过学习地理，你将学会分析地图、数据和案例研究，培养在日常生活中实用的技能。

2. Map Skills: The Language of Geographers | 地图技能：地理学家的语言

Maps are essential tools. You need to understand compass directions – north, south, east and west – and the eight-point compass (e.g. NE, SW). Always remember that the top of a conventional map is north unless stated otherwise. Grid references help you locate features precisely: four-figure references identify a grid square, while six-figure references pinpoint a location within that square.

地图是必不可少的工具。你需要理解罗盘方向——北、南、东、西——以及八方位罗盘（如东北、西南）。请始终记住，除非另有说明，传统地图的上方为北。网格坐标能帮助你精确定位：四位数坐标识别网格方块，而六位数坐标则可精确定位方块内的具体地点。

Scale shows the relationship between distance on the map and real distance on the ground. Scales can be presented as a ratio (1:25 000), a written statement (‘2 cm to 1 km’), or a linear bar. Higher ratio numbers mean smaller scales and less detail. Contour lines connect points of equal height, showing relief; closely spaced contours indicate steep slopes.

比例尺显示了地图距离与实地距离的关系。比例尺可以表示为比数（1:25 000）、文字说明（“图上2厘米代表实地1公里”）或直线比例尺。比数越大表示比例尺越小，细节越少。等高线连接高度相同的点，表示地势起伏；等高线密集表示坡度陡峭。

Map Feature	Description
Compass Rose	Shows direction on the map
Key/Legend	Explains symbols used
Scale Bar	Indicates real distance
Grid Lines	Create coordinate system

Gradient = Vertical Interval ÷ Horizontal Equivalent (rise over run). Use the same units.

坡度 = 垂直高差 ÷ 水平距离（高差除以平距）。使用相同单位计算。

3. Physical Geography: Landforms and Landscapes | 自然地理：地形与景观

The Earth’s surface is constantly changed by weathering and erosion. Weathering breaks rocks down in place – physical weathering (freeze-thaw, exfoliation), chemical weathering (acid rain), and biological weathering (plant roots). Erosion removes material; agents include rivers, glaciers, wind and waves.

地球表面因风化和侵蚀不断变化。风化在原地破碎岩石——物理风化（冻融作用、剥落）、化学风化（酸雨）和生物风化（植物根系）。侵蚀则搬走物质；营力包括河流、冰川、风和波浪。

Mountains, valleys and plateaus are major landforms. Fold mountains form when tectonic plates collide, pushing rock layers up. Volcanic mountains arise from magma reaching the surface. Rivers create V-shaped valleys in their upper course, while glaciers carve U-shaped valleys.

山脉、谷地和高原是主要地形。褶皱山脉由板块碰撞挤压岩层向上形成。火山山脉则由岩浆到达地表而形成。河流在上游塑造出V形谷，而冰川则刻蚀出U形谷。

4. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候

Weather is the day-to-day condition of the atmosphere – temperature, precipitation, wind speed and humidity. Climate is the average weather pattern over a long period (usually 30 years). In Year 7, you learn to measure weather elements using instruments such as a thermometer (°C), rain gauge (mm), barometer (mb) and anemometer (km/h).

天气是指大气每天的即时状况——温度、降水、风速和湿度。气候则是长时期（通常30年）的平均天气模式。在七年级，你将学习使用仪器测量天气要素，如温度计（°C）、雨量计（毫米）、气压计（毫巴）和风速计（公里/小时）。

Factors affecting climate include latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and prevailing winds. Near the equator, it is hot and wet; polar regions are cold and dry. Mountain areas are cooler than lowlands at the same latitude. Ocean currents can also warm or cool coastal regions.

影响气候的因素包括纬度、海拔、离海洋的距离和盛行风。赤道附近炎热多雨；极地地区寒冷干燥。同纬度的山区比低地更凉爽。洋流也可以使沿海区域升温或降温。

5. Population and Migration | 人口与迁移

Population geography studies how people are distributed, why populations change, and the impacts of migration. Key terms: population density (people per km²), birth rate, death rate, and natural increase. A population pyramid shows the age and sex structure of a country; wide bases indicate high birth rates.

人口地理学研究人口如何分布、人口为何变化以及迁移的影响。关键术语：人口密度（每平方公里人口数）、出生率、死亡率和自然增长。人口金字塔展示了一个国家的年龄和性别结构；底部宽表示高出生率。

Migration can be push factors (forcing people to leave) or pull factors (attracting people to a new place). Common push factors include unemployment, war, natural disasters. Pull factors may be better job opportunities, safety, or education. Urbanisation is the movement of people from countryside to towns and cities.

迁移可分为推力因素（迫使人们离开）和拉力因素（吸引人们前往新地方）。常见推力因素包括失业、战争、自然灾害。拉力因素可能是更好的工作机会、安全或教育。城市化是指人口从乡村迁往城镇和城市。

6. Settlement Patterns | 聚落形态

A settlement is a place where people live. Settlements can be rural (villages, hamlets) or urban (towns, cities). The site is the actual land on which a settlement is built; the situation refers to its location relative to surrounding features, such as rivers or roads. Early settlements often began on dry, flat land near water.

聚落是指人们居住的地方。聚落可以是乡村（村庄、小村）或城市（城镇、都市）。立地是指聚落实际所处的土地；位置则指其相对于周围地物（如河流或道路）的区位。早期聚落通常始于靠近水源的干燥平坦土地。

Settlement shapes include linear (along a road or river), nucleated (clustered around a crossroads) and dispersed (isolated farms). The function of a settlement may change over time – for example, a market town might become an industrial city. Services like shops, schools and hospitals tend to locate where they can serve the largest number of people.

聚落形态包括线形（沿道路或河流）、核心式（聚集在交叉路口周围）和分散形（孤立的农庄）。聚落的功能可能随时间变化——例如，一个集镇可能变成工业城市。商店、学校和医院等服务设施倾向于位于能服务最多人口的地方。

7. Rivers and the Water Cycle | 河流与水循环

The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the Earth’s surface. Processes include evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation and collection. Rivers are a key part of this cycle, draining water from the land back to the sea.

水循环描述了水在地表、上空和地下的持续运动。过程包括蒸发、蒸腾、凝结、降水和汇集。河流是这个循环的关键部分，将陆地水排送回海洋。

A river’s long profile changes from source to mouth. The upper course is steep with waterfalls and gorges; the middle course has meanders; the lower course is wide with floodplains and deltas. Erosion (hydraulic action, abrasion), transportation (traction, saltation, suspension, solution) and deposition shape the landscape.

河流的纵剖线从源头到河口不断变化。上游陡峭，有瀑布和峡谷；中游出现曲流；下游宽阔，有泛滥平原和三角洲。侵蚀（水力作用、磨蚀）、搬运（推移、跃移、悬移、溶移）和沉积共同塑造了地貌。

8. Coasts and Coastal Processes | 海岸与海岸过程

Coasts are dynamic environments where the sea meets the land. Waves are the main agent of coastal change. Constructive waves build beaches with strong swash and weak backwash; destructive waves erode coastlines with strong backwash. Key landforms include cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks and stumps.

海岸是海洋与陆地交汇的动态环境。海浪是海岸变化的主要营力。建设性波浪以强烈的冲流和弱回流塑造海滩；破坏性波浪则以强烈的回流侵蚀海岸线。主要地貌包括悬崖、浪蚀平台、海蚀洞、海蚀拱、海蚀柱和礁石。

Longshore drift moves sediment along the coast in a zigzag pattern, creating spits and bars. Coastal management strategies range from hard engineering (sea walls, groynes) to soft engineering (beach nourishment, managed retreat). These decisions often involve balancing economic and environmental needs.

沿岸漂移以锯齿状模式搬运沉积物，形成沙嘴和离岸坝。海岸管理策略从硬工程（海堤、丁坝）到软工程（海滩补沙、有控制的后退）各不相同。这些决策往往需要平衡经济和环境需求。

9. Environmental Issues and Sustainability | 环境问题与可持续发展

Year 7 geography introduces the idea that human activities impact the environment. Pollution – air, water, land – threatens ecosystems. Deforestation removes carbon sinks and habitats. Climate change, intensified by greenhouse gases like CO₂ and CH₄, leads to rising sea levels and extreme weather.

七年级地理引入了人类活动影响环境的概念。污染（空气、水、土地）威胁着生态系统。森林砍伐破坏了碳汇和栖息地。二氧化碳和甲烷等温室气体加剧了气候变化，导致海平面上升和极端天气。

Sustainability means meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Examples include recycling, using renewable energy sources (solar, wind), and protecting biodiversity. Small actions, such as reducing waste, can contribute to a more sustainable world.

可持续发展意味着满足当前需求而不损害后代满足其自身需求的能力。例如回收利用、使用可再生能源（太阳能、风能）和保护生物多样性。减少浪费等微小行动都可以为可持续发展的世界做出贡献。

10. Revision Tips and Exam Skills | 复习建议与考试技巧

Create clear diagrams and mind maps to link concepts. Practise map skills regularly: use OS map extracts (1:25 000 or 1:50 000) to answer questions about direction, distance, grid references and land use. Label and annotate diagrams in full sentences.

制作清晰的图表和思维导图将概念联系起来。定期练习地图技能：使用大比例尺地图（1:25 000或1:50 000）回答关于方向、距离、网格坐标和土地利用的问题。用完整句子为图表添加标注和解释。

When answering ‘describe’ questions, give facts – what can be seen. For ‘explain’, add reasoning. Use case studies from your classroom lessons. Manage your time: read all questions first, and allocate minutes according to marks. Check your work for spelling and unit accuracy.

回答“描述”类问题时，给出事实——你所看到的。对于“解释”，要加上原因推理。运用课堂上学过的案例研究。管理好时间：先阅读所有问题，并根据分数分配时间。检查你的答案是否有拼写和单位错误。

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Year 7 CIE Geography: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 CIE 地理：核心知识点梳理