📚 Year 7 CIE German: Quick-Reference Handbook of Formulas and Rules | Year 7 CIE 德语：公式定理速查手册
This handbook is designed to help Year 7 students following the CIE German syllabus quickly locate the most important grammar rules and structures. Think of each section as a ‘formula’ that you can apply when building sentences. From articles and pronouns to verb conjugations and word order, you will find clear tables and explanations to make German grammar feel more manageable.
本手册旨在帮助学习 CIE 德语课程的 Year 7 学生快速查找最重要的语法规则和结构。你可以把每一节看作一个可套用的“公式”，用来造句。从冠词和代词到动词变位和语序，清晰的表格和解释将让你感觉德语语法更容易掌握。
1. Noun Genders and Definite & Indefinite Articles | 名词的性与定冠词及不定冠词
Every German noun has a grammatical gender: masculine, feminine or neuter. The definite article (the) changes according to the case and gender. The basic formula for the definite article in the three cases you need at Year 7 level is:
每个德语名词都有语法性别：阳性、阴性或中性。定冠词（英语 the）会随格和词性变化。Year 7 阶段需要掌握的三个格的定冠词基本公式如下：
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | der | die | das | die |
| Accusative | den | die | das | die |
| Dative | dem | der | dem | den |
For example, ‘der Hund’ (the dog) becomes ‘den Hund’ in the accusative and ‘dem Hund’ in the dative. The indefinite article (a/an) follows a similar pattern, using ‘ein-‘ plus the endings from the definite table, but it has no plural form. The negative article ‘kein’ (no, not any) is declined exactly like the indefinite article.
例如，“der Hund”（狗）在宾格中变为“den Hund”，在与格中变为“dem Hund”。不定冠词（英语 a/an）遵循类似的模式，使用“ein-”加上定冠词的词尾，但没有复数形式。否定冠词“kein”（没有）的变格与不定冠词完全相同。
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural (kein-) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ein | eine | ein | keine |
| Accusative | einen | eine | ein | keine |
| Dative | einem | einer | einem | keinen |
Remember to learn every new noun together with its definite article, as the gender is often unpredictable. A good habit is to write ‘der Tisch’, ‘die Lampe’, ‘das Buch’ in your vocabulary lists.
记新名词时一定要连同定冠词一起记，因为词性往往没有规律可循。一个好习惯是在词汇表中写成“der Tisch”、“die Lampe”、“das Buch”。
2. Personal Pronouns | 人称代词
Personal pronouns replace nouns and change form depending on the case. Here is the complete set for Year 7:
人称代词代替名词，并根据格变化形式。以下是 Year 7 需要掌握的全部人称代词：
| English | Nominative | Accusative | Dative |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | ich | mich | mir |
| you (singular, informal) | du | dich | dir |
| he / it (m.) | er | ihn | ihm |
| she / it (f.) | sie | sie | ihr |
| it (n.) | es | es | ihm |
| we | wir | uns | uns |
| you (plural, informal) | ihr | euch | euch |
| they / you (formal) | sie / Sie | sie / Sie | ihnen / Ihnen |
Note that the formal ‘Sie’ (you) is always capitalised and uses the same forms as the third-person plural ‘sie’ (they), except ‘Ihnen’ in the dative. In speech, the informal ‘du’ and ‘ihr’ are used with friends and family, while ‘Sie’ shows respect.
请注意，尊称“Sie”（您）总是大写，且其变格形式与第三人称复数“sie”（他们）相同，但与格为“Ihnen”。口语中，非正式的“du”和“ihr”用于朋友和家人，而“Sie”表示尊重。
3. Regular Verb Conjugation in the Present Tense | 规则动词现在时变位
Most German verbs follow a regular pattern in the present tense. The formula is: stem + personal ending. To find the stem, remove ‘-en’ or ‘-n’ from the infinitive. For example, ‘spielen’ (to play) has the stem ‘spiel-‘.
大多数德语动词现在时遵循规则模式。公式为：词干 + 人称词尾。找出词干的方法是去掉不定式的“-en”或“-n”。例如，“spielen”（玩耍）的词干是“spiel-”。
| Pronoun | Ending | spielen | machen (to do/make) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ich | -e | spiele | mache |
| du | -st | spielst | machst |
| er/sie/es | -t | spielt | macht |
| wir | -en | spielen | machen |
| ihr | -t | spielt | macht |
| sie/Sie | -en | spielen | machen |
If the stem ends in -d, -t, -m or -n, an extra ‘e’ is added before the -st and -t endings to make pronunciation easier. For example, ‘arbeiten’ (to work): du arbeitest, er arbeitet. Verbs whose stem ends in -s, -ß, -z or -x only add -t in the ‘du’ form, not -st: du tanzt (you dance).
如果词干以 -d、-t、-m 或 -n 结尾，在 -st 和 -t 词尾前会加一个“e”，以便发音。例如“arbeiten”（工作）：du arbeitest, er arbeitet。词干以 -s、-ß、-z 或 -x 结尾的动词在“du”形式中只加 -t，不加 -st：du tanzt（你跳舞）。
4. The Verbs ‘haben’ and ‘sein’ | 动词 haben 和 sein
The verbs ‘haben’ (to have) and ‘sein’ (to be) are irregular but used all the time. You must memorise their conjugations, as they are essential building blocks.
动词“haben”（拥有）和“sein”（是）是不规则动词，但使用频率极高。必须记住它们的变位，因为它们是基本的构建成分。
haben
| Pronoun | Form |
|---|---|
| ich | habe |
| du | hast |
| er/sie/es | hat |
| wir | haben |
| ihr | habt |
| sie/Sie | haben |
sein
| Pronoun | Form |
|---|---|
| ich | bin |
| du | bist |
| er/sie/es | ist |
| wir | sind |
| ihr | seid |
| sie/Sie | sind |
‘Sein’ is used with ages, professions, nationalities and locations: ‘Ich bin 12 Jahre alt.’ (I am 12 years old.); ‘Wir sind in der Schule.’ (We are at school.). ‘Haben’ indicates possession or is used in expressions like ‘Hunger haben’ (to be hungry).
“sein”用于表达年龄、职业、国籍和地点：“Ich bin 12 Jahre alt.”（我12岁。）；“Wir sind in der Schule.”（我们在学校。）。“haben”表示拥有，也用于固定表达如“Hunger haben”（饿了）。
5. Sentence Structure: The Verb-Second Rule | 句子结构：动词第二位规则
In a German main clause (statement), the conjugated verb must be the second element. The first element can be the subject, an adverb of time or place, or another part of the sentence. This
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 德语 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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