📚 Year 7 CIE Philosophy: Quick Guide to Key Vocabulary | Year 7 CIE 哲学：核心词汇速记指南
Welcome to your essential revision guide for Year 7 CIE Philosophy. This article will help you memorise key philosophical vocabulary using clear definitions and memory tricks. Each term is explained in both English and Chinese so that you can deepen your understanding and feel confident for your exams.
欢迎阅读Year 7 CIE哲学核心复习指南。本文将通过清晰的定义和记忆技巧，帮助你熟记关键哲学术语。每个术语均有中英文解释，助你深化理解，从容应对考试。
1. What is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Philosophy comes from the Greek words ‘philo’ (love) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom). It is the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. A philosopher is someone who seeks wisdom by asking deep questions.
哲学（Philosophy）一词源自古希腊语 ‘philo’（爱）和 ‘sophia’（智慧）。它是对存在、知识、价值、理性、心灵和语言等根本问题的研究。哲学家以追问深刻问题的方式探求智慧。
Philosophy: The love of wisdom; the rational investigation of truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct. Memory trick: Think of ‘philo’ like ‘philanthropy’ (love of humanity) and ‘sophia’ like ‘sophisticated’ (wise).
哲学：对智慧的热爱；对存在、知识或行为的真理与原则的理性探究。记忆法：’philo’ 可联想 ‘philanthropy’（博爱），’sophia’ 可联想 ‘sophisticated’（精密的、智慧的）。
Philosopher: A person engaged in philosophy; a lover of wisdom. Think of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
哲学家：从事哲学研究的人；智慧的热爱者。代表人物如苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德。
Wonder: The feeling of amazement and curiosity that often starts philosophical inquiry. Plato said philosophy begins in wonder.
惊奇：常常引发哲学探究的惊叹与好奇之情。柏拉图说哲学始于惊奇。
2. Logic and Arguments | 逻辑与论证
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. An argument consists of premises and a conclusion. Understanding these building blocks helps you evaluate whether a claim is well supported.
逻辑是研究正确推理的学科。一个论证由前提和结论构成。理解这些基本构件有助于你评判一个主张是否有充分依据。
Argument: A set of statements where some (premises) are intended to support another (conclusion). Not a fight!
论证：一组陈述，其中一些（前提）旨在支持另一个（结论）。不是吵架！
Premise: A statement that provides reasons or evidence in an argument. Example: ‘All humans are mortal’ is a premise.
前提：在论证中提供理由或证据的陈述。例如：“人皆有一死”是一个前提。
Conclusion: The statement that the premises are meant to support. Example: ‘Socrates is mortal’ follows from the premises.
结论：前提旨在支持的陈述。例如：“苏格拉底会死”是从前提得出的结论。
Valid: An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Truth of the statements is not required for validity.
有效的：如果结论从前提中逻辑地得出，则论证是有效的。有效性不要求陈述的真实性。
Sound: An argument is sound if it is valid AND all its premises are actually true.
可靠的：如果一个论证有效且所有前提都为真，则该论证是可靠的。
Fallacy: A flaw in reasoning that makes an argument invalid or unsound. Common fallacies include ad hominem (attacking the person) and straw man.
谬误：推理中的缺陷，使论证无效或不可靠。常见谬误如人身攻击和稻草人谬误。
3. Epistemology: The Theory of Knowledge | 知识论
Epistemology asks: What is knowledge? How do we know what we know? Can we trust our senses? This branch examines the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge.
知识论追问：什么是知识？我们如何知道我们所知？我们能相信感官吗？这一分支考察知识的性质、来源和限度。
Knowledge: Traditionally defined as justified true belief. To know something, you must believe it, it must be true, and you must have good reasons (justification) for believing it.
知识：传统上定义为被证成的真信念。要知道某事，你必须相信它、它为真，并且你有充分理由（证成）去相信它。
Belief: An acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists. Not all beliefs count as knowledge.
信念：接受一个陈述为真或某事物存在。并非所有信念都算作知识。
Truth: That which is in accordance with fact or reality. Philosophers debate what truth means.
真理：符合事实或实在的东西。哲学家争论真理的含义。
Justification: The reasons or evidence that support a belief. Without justification, a true belief is just lucky guess.
证成：支持信念的理由或证据。没有证成，真信念只是侥幸猜中。
Scepticism: The view that we cannot have certain knowledge. A sceptic doubts that our beliefs are justified.
怀疑论：认为我们无法拥有确定知识的观点。怀疑论者质疑我们的信念是否有证成。
Rationalism: The theory that reason rather than experience is the foundation of knowledge. Memory: ‘ratio’ means reason.
理性主义：认为理性而非经验是知识基础的理论。记忆：’ratio’ 意为理性。
Empiricism: The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense experience. Memory: ’empirical’ relates to experiment and observation.
经验主义：认为所有知识来源于感官经验的理论。记忆：’empirical’ 与实验和观察相关。
4. Ethics: Right and Wrong | 伦理学：对与错
Ethics, or moral philosophy, examines how we should live and what makes actions right or wrong. Key terms help you analyse moral dilemmas.
伦理学，即道德哲学，考察我们应当如何生活以及使行为对错的因素。关键术语助你分析道德困境。
Ethics: The branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles.
伦理学：研究道德价值和原则的哲学分支。
Morality: Beliefs about right and wrong behaviour. Often shaped by culture and society.
道德：
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