Year 7 CIE Psychology: Key Concepts Revision | 7年级剑桥心理学：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 7 CIE Psychology: Key Concepts Revision | 7年级剑桥心理学：核心知识点梳理

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. In Year 7, you begin to explore how people think, feel, and act, and how psychologists use evidence to understand human experience. This revision guide covers the essential topics you need to master, from research methods to social influence and memory.

心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。在7年级，你将开始探索人们如何思考、感受和行动，以及心理学家如何利用证据来理解人类经验。这份复习指南涵盖了你需要掌握的核心主题，从研究方法到社会影响和记忆。

1. Introduction to Psychology | 心理学导论

Psychology aims to describe, explain, predict, and sometimes change behaviour and mental processes. It is both a natural science and a social science, drawing on biology, philosophy, and sociology. Psychologists work in many fields, including clinical, educational, forensic, and health psychology.

心理学旨在描述、解释、预测并有时改变行为和心理过程。它既是自然科学也是社会科学，吸收了生物学、哲学和社会学的知识。心理学家在许多领域工作，包括临床心理学、教育心理学、法医心理学和健康心理学。

The word ‘psychology’ comes from Greek roots: ‘psyche’ meaning mind or soul, and ‘logos’ meaning study. Understanding psychology helps us become more aware of our own biases, improve relationships, and support mental well‑being. In Year 7, the focus is on building foundational knowledge and scientific thinking skills.

“心理学”这个词来自希腊语词根：“psyche”意为心灵或灵魂，“logos”意为研究。理解心理学有助于我们更好地认识自己的偏见，改善人际关系并支持心理健康。在7年级，重点是建立基础知识和科学思维技能。

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. / 心理学是对心理与行为的科学研究。
It uses empirical evidence, not just intuition. / 它使用实证证据，而不仅仅是直觉。

2. Research Methods in Psychology | 心理学研究方法

Psychologists use a variety of research methods to test hypotheses. Experiments allow researchers to manipulate an independent variable (IV) and measure the effect on a dependent variable (DV), while controlling extraneous variables. A laboratory experiment takes place in a controlled setting; a field experiment occurs in a natural environment.

心理学家使用多种研究方法来检验假设。实验允许研究者操纵自变量（IV）并测量其对因变量（DV）的影响，同时控制额外变量。实验室实验在受控环境中进行；现场实验则在自然环境中进行。

Observational studies involve watching and recording behaviour without interference. Surveys and questionnaires collect self‑report data. Case studies provide in‑depth information about a single individual or group. Each method has strengths and limitations, and the choice depends on the research question and ethical considerations.

观察研究涉及在不干预的情况下观察并记录行为。调查和问卷收集自我报告数据。个案研究提供关于单个个体或群体的深入信息。每种方法都有优点和局限性，选择取决于研究问题和伦理考虑。

Method / 方法	Key Feature / 关键特征	Example / 例子
Experiment	Manipulation of IV / 操纵自变量	Testing if noise affects concentration / 测试噪音是否影响注意力
Observation	Recording natural behaviour / 记录自然行为	Watching playground interactions / 观察操场互动
Questionnaire	Self‑report through questions / 通过问题自我报告	Survey on study habits / 学习习惯调查

Reliability refers to consistency of measurement; validity means the study measures what it claims to measure. Sampling techniques, such as random or opportunity sampling, affect how well results generalise to a wider population.

信度指测量的一致性；效度指研究测量了它声称要测量的内容。抽样技术，如随机抽样或机会抽样，会影响结果在多大程度上可以推广到更广泛的人群。

3. The Biological Approach | 生物学取向

The biological approach explains behaviour through the brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics. Key structures include the cerebrum (thinking and voluntary movement), cerebellum (balance and coordination), and brain stem (vital functions like breathing). The limbic system deals with emotions and memory.

生物学取向通过大脑、神经系统、激素和遗传学来解释行为。关键结构包括大脑（思维和随意运动）、小脑（平衡和协调）和脑干（呼吸等生命功能）。边缘系统处理情绪和记忆。

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that cross synapses between neurons. For example, serotonin influences mood, and dopamine is linked to reward and pleasure. Hormones such as adrenaline prepare the body for ‘fight or flight’. Evolutionary psychology examines how behaviours may have developed through natural selection.

神经递质是穿过神经元之间突触的化学信使。例如，血清素影响情绪，多巴胺与奖赏和愉快感相关。肾上腺素等激素使身体为“战斗或逃跑”做好准备。进化心理学研究行为如何通过自然选择发展而来。

Brain scanning techniques, such as MRI and PET, allow researchers to see brain activity in real time. In Year 7, it is important to understand that biology and environment both shape who we are, a principle known as the nature–nurture interaction.

脑部扫描技术，如磁共振成像（MRI）和正电子发射断层扫描（PET），让研究者能够实时看到大脑活动。在7年级，重要的是理解生物学和环境共同塑造了我们，这一原则被称为先天-后天相互作用。

4. Memory: Encoding, Storage and Retrieval | 记忆：编码、存储和提取

Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information. The multi‑store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) describes three stores: sensory memory (very brief), short‑term memory (STM, limited capacity and duration), and long‑term memory (LTM, potentially unlimited).

记忆是编码、存储和提取信息的过程。多储存模型（Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968）描述了三个储存库：感觉记忆（非常短暂）、短时记忆（STM，容量和持续时间有限）和长时记忆（LTM，可能无限）。

Rehearsal helps transfer information from STM to LTM. STM can hold about 7±2 items (Miller’s magic number). Forgetting can occur because of decay, displacement, or retrieval failure. Context‑dependent memory shows that recall is better when the environment matches the learning context.

复述有助于将信息从短时记忆转移到长时记忆。短时记忆可容纳大约7±2个项目（米勒的神奇数字）。遗忘可能由于消退、干扰或提取失败而发生。情境依赖记忆表明，当环境与学习情境匹配时，回忆效果更好。

Practical improvement techniques include chunking (grouping information), mnemonics, and elaborative rehearsal (linking new information to existing knowledge). Understanding memory helps you study more effectively.

实用的改进技巧包括组块（将信息分组）、记忆术和精细复述（将新信息与已有知识联系起来）。理解记忆有助于你更有效地学习。

5. Perception and Sensation | 感知与感觉

Sensation is the detection of physical energy by sense organs, while perception is the brain’s interpretation of these sensations. The five main senses are vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch, but we also have proprioception (body position) and vestibular sense (balance).

感觉是感觉器官对物理能量的探测，而感知是大脑对这些感觉的解释。五种主要感觉是视觉、听觉、味觉、嗅觉和触觉，但我们还有本体感觉（身体位置）和前庭感觉（平衡）。

Visual perception involves processes such as depth perception, colour constancy, and figure‑ground organisation. Illusions, like the Müller‑Lyer illusion, show that perception does not always match physical reality. Gestalt principles (proximity, similarity, continuity, closure) describe how we naturally organise visual elements into groups.

视觉感知涉及深度知觉、颜色恒常性和图形-背景组织等过程。错觉，如缪勒-莱耶错觉，表明感知并不总是与物理现实相符。格式塔原则（接近性、相似性、连续性、闭合性）描述了我们如何自然地将视觉元素组织成组。

Top‑down processing uses prior knowledge and expectations, while bottom‑up processing relies on raw sensory data. Perceptual set shows that context, motivation, and culture can influence what we perceive.

自上而下的加工利用先前知识和期望，而自下而上的加工依赖原始感觉数据。知觉定势表明，情境、动机和文化会影响我们所感知的内容。

6. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从

Social influence examines how an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others. Conformity is yielding to group pressure, which can be normative (wanting to fit in) or informational (believing the group is right). Asch’s line experiment (1951) demonstrated that people often conform even when the group answer is clearly wrong.

社会影响研究个体的思想、情感和行为如何受他人影响。从众是屈从于群体压力，可能是规范性的（想要融入群体）或信息性的（相信群体是正确的）。阿希的线段实验（1951）证明，即使群体答案明显错误，人们也常常从众。

Obedience involves following direct commands from an authority figure. Milgram’s famous electric shock study (1963) revealed that ordinary people can perform harmful acts under authority pressure. Situational factors, such as proximity of the authority and legitimacy of the setting, strongly affect obedience levels.

服从涉及遵从权威人物的直接命令。米尔格拉姆著名的电击研究（1963）揭示，普通人在权威压力下可能会做出有害行为。情境因素，如权威的接近度和环境的合法性，强烈影响服从水平。

Resistance to social influence is possible when individuals have social support or an internal locus of control. Bystander intervention studies show that people are less likely to help in a crowd due to diffusion of responsibility.

当个体拥有社会支持或内控倾向时，抵制社会影响是可能的。旁观者干预研究表明，由于责任分散，人们在人群中提供帮助的可能性较小。

7. Language and Thought | 语言与思维

Language is a system of symbols and rules that allows us to communicate. It has several components: phonemes (sound units), morphemes (meaning units), syntax (grammar rules), and semantics (meaning). The critical period hypothesis suggests there is an optimal window for language acquisition in early childhood.

语言是一种由符号和规则组成的系统，使我们能够交流。它包含多个组成部分：音位（声音单位）、语素（意义单位）、句法（语法规则）和语义（意义）。关键期假说认为，儿童早期存在语言习得的最佳窗口期。

Thought, or cognition, includes problem solving, decision making, and reasoning. Heuristics are mental shortcuts that speed up decision making but can lead to biases. Examples include the availability heuristic (judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind) and representativeness heuristic (comparing to a prototype).

思维，或认知，包括问题解决、决策和推理。启发式是加速决策的心理捷径，但可能导致偏差。例子包括可得性启发（根据例子如何容易进入脑海来判断可能性）和代表性启发（与原型进行比较）。

The relationship between language and thought is debated. The Sapir‑Whorf hypothesis argues that language shapes cognition (linguistic determinism), whereas others believe thought is independent. Year 7 students explore how communication and thinking are connected.

语言与思维之间的关系存在争议。萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说认为语言塑造认知（语言决定论），而其他人认为思维是独立的。7年级学生探索沟通和思维如何相互关联。

8. Developmental Psychology: Attachment | 发展心理学：依恋

Developmental psychology studies how people grow and change across the lifespan. Attachment is a deep emotional bond between an infant and caregiver, essential for survival and social development. Bowlby’s theory proposed that attachment is innate and serves an evolutionary function.

发展心理学研究个体在生命周期中如何成长和变化。依恋是婴儿与照顾者之间深厚的情感纽带，对生存和社会发展至关重要。鲍尔比的理论提出，依恋是天生的，具有进化功能。

Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’ identified three main attachment styles: secure (explores freely when caregiver is present, distressed when separated, and happy at reunion), insecure‑avoidant (ignores caregiver), and insecure‑resistant (clings and resists comfort). Romanian orphan studies highlighted the importance of early attachment for later social and emotional development.

安斯沃思的“陌生情境”识别出三种主要的依恋类型：安全型（照顾者在场时自由探索，分离时痛苦，重聚时愉快）、不安全-回避型（忽视照顾者）和不安全-抵抗型（黏人并抗拒安慰）。罗马尼亚孤儿院研究强调了早期依恋对后期社会情感发展的重要性。

Privation (absence of attachment) can have long‑term consequences, but children show remarkable resilience with appropriate intervention. In Year 7, the focus is on understanding how early relationships shape later personality and behaviour.

缺乏依恋（依恋剥夺）可能产生长期后果，但儿童在适当干预下表现出显著的回弹力。在7年级，重点是理解早期关系如何塑造后期人格和行为。

9. Learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning | 学习：经典条件作用和操作性条件作用

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience. Classical conditioning, discovered by Pavlov, involves learning through association. A neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces an unconditioned response (salivation). After pairing, the bell alone elicits salivation as a conditioned response.

学习是由于经验导致的行为相对持久的变化。由巴甫洛夫发现的经典条件作用涉及通过联想进行学习。一个中性刺激（如铃声）与自然产生无条件反应（唾液分泌）的无条件刺激（如食物）配对。经过多次配对，铃声单独就能引发唾液分泌，成为条件反应。

Operant conditioning, developed by Skinner, is learning through consequences. Positive reinforcement (adding a pleasant stimulus) increases behaviour; negative reinforcement (removing an unpleasant stimulus) also increases behaviour. Punishment decreases behaviour. Schedules of reinforcement (e.g., fixed‑interval, variable‑ratio) affect how quickly and strongly behaviour is learned.

由斯金纳发展的操作性条件作用是通过后果进行学习。正强化（添加愉快刺激）增加行为；负强化（移除不愉快刺激）也增加行为。惩罚减少行为。强化程序（例如，固定间隔、变动比率）影响行为习得的速度和强度。

Practical applications include behaviour modification in classrooms, phobia treatment through systematic desensitisation (based on counter‑conditioning), and training animals. Understanding conditioning helps explain many everyday habits.

实际应用包括课堂中的行为矫正、通过系统脱敏（基于反条件作用）治疗恐惧症，以及动物训练。理解条件作用有助于解释许多日常习惯。

10. Ethical Issues in Psychological Research | 心理学研究中的伦理问题

Ethics are moral principles guiding how psychologists should treat participants. The British Psychological Society (BPS) and American Psychological Association (APA) set ethical guidelines. Core principles include informed consent (participants must know what they are agreeing to), right to withdraw, confidentiality, deception avoidance or debriefing, and protection from harm.

伦理是引导心理学家应如何对待被试的道德原则。英国心理学会（BPS）和美国心理学会（APA）制定了伦理指南。核心原则包括知情同意（被试必须了解自己同意什么）、退出权利、保密、避免欺骗或事后解释，以及免受伤害的保护。

Milgram’s obedience study raised ethical concerns about psychological harm and deception. Asch’s conformity study involved deception but no physical harm. Today, ethics committees review research proposals to ensure participant welfare. Year 7 students learn that balancing scientific goals with participant rights is crucial.

米尔格拉姆的服从研究引起了关于心理伤害和欺骗的伦理关注。阿希的从众研究涉及欺骗但没有身体伤害。如今，伦理委员会审查研究提案，以确保被试的福祉。7年级学生了解到，平衡科学目标与参与者权利至关重要。

Special considerations apply when working with children or vulnerable groups. Data must be kept secure, and participants should leave a study in no worse state than when they arrived. Discussing ethics encourages responsible scientific practice from an early age.

当研究涉及儿童或弱势群体时，需要特别考虑。数据必须安全保存，被试离开研究时的状态不应比进入时更差。讨论伦理问题鼓励从早年就养成负责任的科学实践习惯。

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Year 7 CIE Psychology: Key Concepts Revision | 7年级剑桥心理学：核心知识点梳理