📚 Year 7 CIE Psychology: Key Terminology Quick-Study Guide | Year 7 CIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick-study companion for Year 7 CIE Psychology. This guide breaks down the essential terms you’ll meet in your first year of psychology, with clear definitions in English and Chinese to help you learn faster and feel confident in class.
欢迎来到 Year 7 CIE 心理学速记指南。这份指南拆解了你第一年心理学学习中将遇到的核心术语，用中英双语提供了清晰的定义，帮助你学得更快、课堂上更自信。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology: Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. It uses evidence and research to explore how people think, feel and act.
心理学：心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。它通过证据和研究来探索人们如何思考、感受和行动。
Mind: The mind refers to our private inner experience — thoughts, memories, emotions and dreams that cannot be directly observed by others.
心理：心理指的是我们私人的内在体验——想法、记忆、情绪和梦境，这些是他人无法直接观察到的。
Behaviour: Behaviour is any action that can be observed and measured, such as talking, walking, smiling or pressing a button in an experiment.
行为：行为是可以被观察和测量的任何动作，比如说话、走路、微笑或在实验中按按钮。
Science: In psychology, a scientific approach means using systematic observation, experiments and data to test ideas about why we do what we do.
科学：在心理学中，科学方法意味着使用系统的观察、实验和数据来检验关于我们为何如此行为的想法。
2. Research Methods | 研究方法
Hypothesis: A hypothesis is a clear, testable prediction about what you think will happen in an experiment. For example, ‘students who sleep 8 hours will remember more words than those who sleep 4 hours.’
假设：假设是对你认为实验中会发生什么的清晰、可检验的预测。例如，“睡8小时的学生会比睡4小时的学生记住更多单词。”
Independent Variable (IV): The independent variable is the factor the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates to see its effect. It is the ’cause’ in a cause-and-effect experiment.
自变量（IV）：自变量是研究者有意改变或操纵以观察其效果的变量。它是在因果关系实验中的“因”。
Dependent Variable (DV): The dependent variable is what the researcher measures; it is the outcome that might be affected by changes in the independent variable. It is the ‘effect’.
因变量（DV）：因变量是研究者测量的事物；它是一种可能受自变量变化影响的结果。它是“果”。
Control Group: A control group is a group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or manipulation. It provides a baseline to compare with the experimental group.
控制组：控制组是在实验中不接受处理或操纵的那一组。它提供了一个与实验组进行比较的基线。
Experiment: An experiment is a research method in which the researcher controls conditions and manipulates an independent variable to measure its impact on a dependent variable.
实验：实验是一种研究方法，研究者控制条件并操纵自变量来测量其对因变量的影响。
3. Brain and Nervous System | 大脑与神经系统
Neuron: A neuron is a specialized nerve cell that transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. Billions of neurons make up your brain and nervous system.
神经元：神经元是一种通过电信号和化学信号传递信息的特化神经细胞。你的大脑和神经系统由数十亿个神经元组成。
Synapse: A synapse is the tiny gap between two neurons where chemicals called neurotransmitters pass the signal from one cell to the next.
突触：突触是两个神经元之间微小的间隙，在这里称为神经递质的化学物质将信号从一个细胞传递到下一个细胞。
Neurotransmitter: A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that travels across a synapse and affects the next neuron. Examples include dopamine (linked to reward) and serotonin (linked to mood).
神经递质：神经递质是一种化学信使，它穿过突触并影响下一个神经元。例子包括多巴胺（与奖赏有关）和血清素（与情绪有关）。
Central Nervous System (CNS): The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It processes information and sends commands to the rest of the body.
中枢神经系统（CNS）：中枢神经系统由大脑和脊髓组成。它处理信息并向身体其他部分发送指令。
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): The PNS is the network of nerves that connects the CNS to the limbs and organs, carrying sensory and motor information.
周围神经系统（PNS）：周围神经系统是将中枢神经系统与四肢和器官连接起来的神经网络，传递感觉和运动信息。
4. Sensation and Perception | 感觉与知觉
Sensation: Sensation is the process of receiving raw information from the environment through our five senses — sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell.
感觉：感觉是通过我们的五种感官——视觉、听觉、触觉、味觉和嗅觉——接收来自环境的原始信息的过程。
Perception: Perception is the brain’s active process of organising and interpreting sensory information to make it meaningful. For instance, turning light patterns into a face.
知觉：知觉是大脑组织并解读感觉信息使其变得有意义的主动过程。例如，将光线图案转化为一张人脸。
Absolute Threshold: The absolute threshold is the smallest amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus at least half the time. Like the faintest sound you can hear.
绝对阈限：绝对阈限是至少有一半时间能察觉到刺激所需的最小刺激量。比如你能听到的最微弱的声音。
Optical Illusion: An optical illusion is a visual trick where your brain perceives something that is different from physical reality, showing that perception is not always reliable.
视错觉：视错觉是一种视觉把戏，你的大脑感知到的东西与物理现实不同，表明知觉并非总是可靠的。
5. Learning | 学习
Learning: Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour or knowledge that results from experience. It allows us to adapt to our environment.
学习：学习是由于经验而产生的行为或知识上相对持久的变化。它使我们能够适应环境。
Classical Conditioning: Classical conditioning is learning through association. A neutral stimulus becomes linked to a meaningful one and triggers a similar response — like Pavlov’s dogs salivating at a bell.
经典条件反射：经典条件反射是通过联想进行的学习。一个中性刺激与一个有意义的刺激关联起来，引发相似的反应——比如巴甫洛夫的狗听到铃声就分泌唾液。
Operant Conditioning: Operant conditioning is learning based on consequences. Behaviours followed by rewards (reinforcement) are more likely to be repeated; behaviours followed by punishments are less likely.
操作性条件反射：操作性条件反射是基于后果的学习。紧随奖励（强化）的行为更可能被重复；紧随惩罚的行为则不太可能被重复。
Reinforcement: Reinforcement is any consequence that strengthens a behaviour. Positive reinforcement adds something pleasant (e.g. praise); negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant (e.g. cancelling homework).
强化：强化是任何巩固行为的后果。正强化是增加愉快的事物（如表扬）；负强化是移除不愉快的事物（如取消作业）。
Punishment: Punishment is a consequence that weakens or reduces a behaviour. It can involve adding something unpleasant or removing something pleasant.
惩罚：惩罚是一种削弱或减少行为的后果。它可以涉及增加不愉快的事物或移除愉快的事物。
6. Memory | 记忆
Memory: Memory is the mental process of encoding, storing and retrieving information. It shapes our identity and allows us to learn from the past.
记忆：记忆是对信息进行编码、存储和提取的心理过程。它塑造我们的身份，并让我们从过去中学习。
Short-Term Memory (STM): STM holds a small amount of information for a brief period (about 15–30 seconds). It can typically handle 5–9 items at once.
短时记忆（STM）：短时记忆在短时间内（约15–30秒）保持少量信息。它通常一次能处理5–9个项目。
Long-Term Memory (LTM): LTM can store huge amounts of information for a very long time, from minutes to a lifetime. It includes facts, skills and personal experiences.
长时记忆（LTM）：长时记忆可以长时间（从几分钟到一生）存储大量信息。它包括事实、技能和个人经历。
Retrieval: Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage so that it can be used. Recognition (e.g. multiple-choice) is often easier than recall (e.g. essay).
提取：提取是将信息从记忆存储中取出以便使用的过程。再认（如选择题）通常比回忆（如写作文）更容易。
Forgetting: Forgetting is the inability to retrieve previously stored information. It can be caused by interference, lack of use or emotional factors.
遗忘：遗忘是无法提取先前存储的信息。它可能是由干扰、不常使用或情绪因素引起的。
7. Thinking and Intelligence | 思维与智力
Thinking: Thinking (or cognition) involves mental activities such as problem-solving, reasoning and decision-making. It helps us process information and plan actions.
思维：思维（或认知）涉及如问题解决、推理和决策等心理活动。它帮助我们处理信息和计划行动。
Intelligence: Intelligence is the general ability to learn from experience, solve problems and adapt to new situations. It is not just about knowing facts.
智力：智力是从经验中学习、解决问题和适应新环境的综合能力。它不仅仅是知道事实。
IQ (Intelligence Quotient): IQ is a score obtained from standardised tests designed to measure human intelligence. The average IQ is set at 100.
智商（Intelligence Quotient）：智商是从旨在测量人类智力的标准化测试中获得的分数。平均智商设定为100。
Heuristic: A heuristic is a mental shortcut or ‘rule of thumb’ that allows quick judgements and decisions. It can be useful but sometimes leads to errors.
启发式：启发式是一种心理捷径或“经验法则”，可以快速做出判断和决策。它很有用，但有时会导致错误。
8. Human Development | 人的发展
Development: Development refers to the physical, cognitive and social changes that occur across the lifespan, from infancy through old age.
发展：发展指的是从婴儿期到老年整个生命过程中发生的生理、认知和社会变化。
Piaget’s Stages: Jean Piaget proposed that children go through four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Each stage brings new ways of thinking.
皮亚杰的阶段理论：让·皮亚杰提出儿童经历四个认知发展阶段：感知运动阶段、前运算阶段、具体运算阶段和形式运算阶段。每个阶段带来新的思维方式。
Attachment: Attachment is a strong emotional bond that develops between an infant and their primary caregiver. It affects later relationships and emotional security.
依恋：依恋是婴儿与主要照看者之间形成的强烈情感纽带。它影响日后的人际关系和情感安全感。
Egocentrism: Egocentrism is the tendency of young children to see the world only from their own point of view and to find it hard to understand others’ perspectives.
自我中心：自我中心是年幼儿童只从自己的视角看世界、难以理解他人观点的倾向。
9. Social Influence | 社会影响
Conformity: Conformity is a change in a person’s behaviour or beliefs to fit in with a group, often because of real or imagined social pressure.
从众：从众是指个人为了融入群体而改变行为或信念，通常是由于真实或想象的社会压力。
Obedience: Obedience occurs when a person follows a direct order or command from someone in a position of authority, even if they might personally disagree.
服从：服从是指个人遵从来自权威人物的直接命令，即使他们个人可能不同意。
Stereotype: A stereotype is a fixed, over-generalised belief about a particular group of people. It ignores individual differences and can lead to prejudice.
刻板印象：刻板印象是对某一特定群体的一种固定、过度概括的信念。它忽视了个体差异，并可能导致偏见。
Social Norms: Social norms are the unwritten rules about how to behave in a society or group. They guide what is considered acceptable and expected.
社会规范：社会规范是关于如何在某一社会或群体中行事的未成文规则。它们指导什么被认为是可接受和可预期的。
10. Emotion and Motivation | 情绪与动机
Emotion: An emotion is a complex psychological state involving a subjective experience, physiological response and behavioural or expressive reaction. Basic emotions include happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust.
情绪：情绪是一种复杂的心理状态，包括主观体验、生理反应以及行为或表达性反应。基本情绪包括快乐、悲伤、恐惧、愤怒、惊讶和厌恶。
Intrinsic Motivation: Intrinsic motivation is the drive to do something because it is interesting, enjoyable or personally rewarding, not for an external reward.
内在动机：内在动机是因为某事有趣、愉快或有个人价值而行动的驱动力，而不是为了外部奖赏。
Extrinsic Motivation: Extrinsic motivation comes from outside the individual. It involves doing something to earn a reward or avoid a punishment, like working for money or praise.
外在动机：外在动机来自个体外部。它涉及为了获得奖励或避免惩罚而做某事，比如为了金钱或表扬而工作。
Stress: Stress is the body’s response to any demand or challenge. Short-term stress can be helpful, but chronic (long-lasting) stress can harm physical and mental health.
应激/压力：应激是身体对任何要求或挑战的反应。短期压力可能有益，但长期（持久的）压力会损害身心健康。
Empathy: Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It helps build strong social bonds and compassionate behaviour.
共情：共情是理解和分享他人感受的能力。它有助于建立牢固的社会纽带和同情行为。
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