📚 Year 7 CIE Sociology: Key Vocabulary & Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 CIE 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terms is the first step to excelling in Year 7 CIE Sociology. This guide provides clear definitions paired with clever memory tricks so you can recall concepts quickly and confidently during lessons and assessments.
掌握关键术语是学好Year 7 CIE社会学的第一步。本指南提供清晰的定义和巧妙的记忆方法，帮助你在课堂和测评中迅速、自信地回忆概念。
1. Society and Culture | 社会与文化
Society refers to a large group of people living in the same geographical area, sharing a common culture and interacting with one another. Picture a giant team where everyone follows the same ‘rulebook’ of daily life – that is a society.
社会指的是生活在同一地理区域、拥有共同文化并彼此互动的一大群人。想象一个巨型团队，每个人都遵循着同一本生活“规则手册”——这就是社会。
Culture encompasses the beliefs, customs, arts, and way of life of a particular society. The word shares its root with ‘cultivate’ – just as farmers cultivate crops, a community cultivates its culture over generations.
文化包含特定社会的信仰、风俗、艺术和生活方式。这个词与“培育”同根——就像农民耕种作物一样，一个社群在世代相传中培育着自己的文化。
Subculture is a smaller group within a larger culture that follows its own distinct norms and values while still being part of the main society. Think of a subculture as a special club inside a huge school that has its own dress code and slang.
亚文化是在一个更大的文化内部，拥有自己独特规范和价值观的小群体，同时仍属于主流社会。可以把亚文化想象成一个大校园里拥有自己着装规范和俚语的特别社团。
Multiculturalism describes a society where multiple cultural traditions coexist and are respected. The prefix ‘multi-‘ means many, so a multicultural society is like a salad bowl where each ingredient keeps its own flavour.
多元文化主义描述的是多种文化传统共存且相互尊重的社会。“multi-”这个前缀意味着许多，因此多元文化社会就像一个沙拉碗，每种食材都保留了自己的风味。
2. Socialisation | 社会化
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the culture of their society, including norms, values, and roles. To memorise it, think of socialisation as downloading a society’s ‘operating system’ into your brain from childhood onwards.
社会化是个人终生学习其社会文化的过程，包括规范、价值观和角色。为了记忆，可以把社会化想象成从童年起将社会的“操作系统”下载到你的大脑里。
Primary socialisation occurs in early childhood, mainly within the family, where we first learn language, basic norms, and emotional bonds. The word ‘primary’ signals that this is the very first and most fundamental social training we receive.
初级社会化发生在幼儿期，主要在家庭中进行，我们在那里首次学习语言、基本规范和情感纽带。“初级”一词表明这是我们接受的最初、最基本的社会训练。
Secondary socialisation takes place later through institutions such as schools, peer groups, and the media. It builds on primary socialisation and teaches us how to behave in wider society – think of it as the advanced ‘software update’ that follows the basic installation.
次级社会化随后通过学校、同伴群体和媒体等机构进行。它建立在初级社会化之上，教导我们如何在更广泛的社会中行事——可以把它想象成在基本安装之后进行的“高级软件更新”。
Agents of socialisation are the individuals, groups, and institutions that carry out the socialisation process. Key agents include family, schools, peers, religion, and the mass media. Use the mnemonic ‘Families Shape People’s Real Minds’ to remember Family, School, Peers, Religion, Media.
社会化媒介是执行社会化过程的个人、群体和机构。关键媒介包括家庭、学校、同伴、宗教和大众媒体。可以用首字母联想“家庭学校同伴宗教媒体”来记忆。
3. Norms, Values and Beliefs | 规范、价值观与信仰
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that members of a society are expected to follow. The word sounds like ‘normal’ – norms simply tell you what is considered normal in a particular setting.
规范是社会成员应当遵守的不成文行为规则。这个词听起来像“正常”——规范只是在告诉你，在特定情境下什么是被视为正常的。
Values are broad principles and standards that a society considers important, such as honesty, freedom, or respect. To recall, link ‘values’ with ‘valuable’ – they are the ideas a culture holds most valuable.
价值观是社会认为重要的广泛原则和标准，例如诚实、自由或尊重。为了记住，可以把“values”与“valuable”联系起来——价值观就是文化认为最有价值的理念。
Beliefs are specific convictions or ideas that people accept as true, often linked to religion, science, or ideology. Unlike values, which are broad, beliefs are more concrete statements – for example, believing in life after death is a belief that stems from religious values.
信仰是人们认定为真的具体信念或想法，通常与宗教、科学或意识形态相关联。与宽泛的价值观不同，信仰是更加具体的陈述——例如，相信死后有生命就是源于宗教价值观的一个信仰。
Folkways are informal norms governing everyday behaviour that are not strictly enforced, such as table manners or greeting styles. Break the word into ‘folk’ (people) and ‘ways’ (habits) – the ordinary habits of the people.
民俗是约束日常行为的非正式规范，执行并不严格，比如餐桌礼仪或问候方式。把单词拆成“folk”（民众）和“ways”（习惯）——就是民众的普通习惯。
Mores (pronounced ‘mor-ays’) are deeply held norms that carry strong moral significance, such as rules against theft or lying. Think of ‘mores’ as ‘more’ serious than folkways – violating mores may result in severe disapproval or legal punishment.
民德（发音类似“mor-ays”）是具有强烈道德意义的深层规范，比如禁止偷窃或说谎的规则。把“mores”想象成比民俗更（more）严肃——违反民德可能会导致强烈的谴责或法律惩罚。
4. Roles, Status and Identity | 角色、地位与身份
Role is the expected behaviour attached to a particular social position, much like an actor playing a part. If you are a student, your role involves attending lessons, completing homework, and following school rules.
角色是附着在特定社会位置上的预期行为，很像演员扮演一个角色。如果你是一名学生，你的角色就包括上课、完成作业和遵守校规。
Status refers to the prestige or social standing a person holds in society. It can be either ascribed (given at birth, such as royal title) or achieved (earned through effort, like a diploma). Think of status as the ‘height’ of a person on the social ladder.
地位是指一个人在社会中所拥有的声望或社会位置。它可以是先赋的（出生时即被赋予，如皇室头衔），也可以是自致的（通过努力获得，如一张文凭）。可以把地位想象成个人在社会阶梯上的“高度”。
Ascribed status is fixed at birth and does not depend on personal ability or choice, such as being a daughter or belonging to a particular caste. The word ‘ascribed’ sounds like ‘a scribed’ – as if it was already written down for you at the start of your life.
先赋地位在出生时即已确定，不取决于个人能力或选择，例如作为女儿或属于某个种姓。“ascribed”听起来像“a scribed”——就好像在你生命的起点，它已经被写下来了。
Achieved status is acquired through one’s own actions, efforts, and talents, such as becoming a team captain or a qualified doctor. ‘Achieved’ is easy to remember because you achieve it through hard work and competition.
自致地位是通过个人行动、努力和才能获得的位置，例如成为球队队长或合格的医生。“achieved”很容易记忆，因为你通过努力和竞争来取得（achieve）它。
Role conflict occurs when the demands of one role clash with those of another, causing stress. For instance, a student who also works part-time may face role conflict between study and job responsibilities. Picture two roles ‘fighting’ inside one person.
角色冲突发生在一个角色的要求与另一个角色的要求发生碰撞并造成压力之时。例如，同时兼职的学生可能会面临学习与工作责任之间的角色冲突。想象两个角色在一个人体内“打架”。
5. Social Institutions | 社会制度
Social institution is an established structure of rules and relationships that organises a key area of social life. Think of an institution as the ‘scaffolding’ that holds up a society – it makes behaviour predictable and stable.
社会制度是一个由规则和关系组成的既定结构，用来组织社会生活的关键领域。把制度想象成支撑社会的“脚手架”——它使行为变得可预测且稳定。
Family is a primary social institution responsible for raising children, providing emotional support, and passing on norms and values. The family is often called the ‘first school of socialisation’ because it is where we learn how to be human.
家庭是主要负责抚养儿童、提供情感支持并传递规范和价值观的首要社会制度。家庭常被称为“社会化的第一所学校”，因为它是我们学习如何做人的地方。
Education as an institution transmits knowledge and skills, but also socialises young people into shared cultural values and prepares them for future work roles. Schools serve as a bridge between the private world of the family and the public world of employment.
教育作为一种制度，既传递知识和技能，也将年轻人社会化进入共享的文化价值观，并为其未来的工作角色做好准备。学校充当家庭私人天地与就业公共领域之间的桥梁。
Mass media refers to the means of communication that reach large audiences, including television, the internet, newspapers, and social platforms. Media acts as a powerful agent of secondary socialisation by spreading information, norms, and trends widely.
大众传媒指的是能触及广大受众的传播手段，包括电视、互联网、报纸和社交平台。媒体通过广泛传播信息、规范和潮流，扮演着次级社会化强大媒介的角色。
Peer group is a social group whose members share similar interests, age, and status. During adolescence, the peer group often becomes a major source of identity and social learning, sometimes competing with the influence of family.
同伴群体是一个成员具有相似兴趣、年龄和地位的社会群体。在青春期，同伴群体往往成为身份认同和社会学习的主要来源，有时会与家庭影响形成竞争。
6. Social Control and Deviance | 社会控制与越轨
Social control refers to all the mechanisms a society uses to ensure individuals follow its norms and rules. It can be visualised as the ‘guard rails’ on a road that keep people from veering into unacceptable behaviour.
社会控制指的是社会为确保个体遵守其规范和规则而使用的所有机制。它可以被想象成道路上的“护栏”，防止人们滑向不可接受的行为。
Formal social control is exercised by authorised bodies such as the police, courts, and government, through written laws and official punishments. The word ‘formal’ hints at uniformed officials and structured institutions.
正式社会控制由获授权的机构如警察、法院和政府通过成文法律和官方惩罚来实施。“正式”一词暗示着穿制服的人员和有组织的机构。
Informal social control operates through everyday interactions, such as praise, criticism, gossip, or ostracism from family and friends. To remember it, note that informal control happens in ‘informal’ settings like the playground or the dinner table, without a rulebook.
非正式社会控制通过日常互动进行，例如来自家人和朋友的表扬、批评、闲话或排斥。要记住它，留意非正式控制发生在“非正式”的环境中，比如游乐场或餐桌上，没有规则手册。
Deviance is any behaviour that violates the accepted norms or laws of a society. Deviance is not always criminal; it can be as minor as wearing unusual clothes in a formal setting. Think of ‘deviate’ – turning away from the expected path.
越轨是指任何违反社会公认规范或法律的行为。越轨并不总是犯罪；它可以小到在正式场合穿着奇装异服。想想“偏离”——从预期的道路上转向。
Sanction is a reward or punishment used to reinforce social norms. Positive sanctions (prizes, praise) encourage conformity, while negative sanctions (fines, detention) discourage deviance. Associate ‘sanction’ with ‘squeeze’ – society squeezes you back on track.
制裁是用来强化社会规范的奖励或惩罚。正面制裁（奖项、表扬）鼓励遵守规范，而负面制裁（罚款、留堂）限制越轨行为。将“sanction”与“挤压”（squeeze）联想——社会把你挤压回正轨。
7. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical ranking of people in a society based on factors like wealth, power, and prestige. The word ‘strata’ means layers – imagine a geological rock formation with different layers of privilege.
社会分层是指根据财富、权力和声望等因素对社会成员进行的等级排序。“strata”意为地层——想象一个由不同特权层次构成的岩石地质构造。
Social class is a group of people who share a similar economic position and often similar lifestyle and opportunities. Common class divisions include upper, middle, and working class. The term ‘class’ itself suggests a category that shapes your life chances.
社会阶级是一群拥有相似经济地位、通常生活方式和机会也相似的人。常见的阶级划分包括上层、中层和工人阶级。“class”这个术语本身就暗示着一个影响你生活机遇的类别。
Gender inequality is the unequal treatment and opportunities experienced by individuals based on their gender. Sociologists study how gender roles are socially constructed rather than biologically determined. Remember the phrase ‘gender is a social script’.
性别不平等是指基于性别而遭受的不平等待遇和机会差异。社会学家研究性别角色如何被社会建构，而非由生物决定。记住这句话：“性别是一种社会剧本”。
Ethnicity refers to shared cultural heritage, language, religion, and traditions, while race is often linked to physical characteristics. Ethnicity is about culture, not biology. Think of ‘ethnic’ foods and festivals to highlight its cultural dimension.
族群指共享的文化遗产、语言、宗教和传统，而种族通常与生理特征相关。族群关乎文化，而非生物学。想想“民族”食物和节日，以突出其文化维度。
Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups up or down the social hierarchy. This can be upward (promotion) or downward (job loss). Imagine an escalator in a department store – except not everyone can step on it easily.
社会流动是指个人或群体在社会层级中的向上或向下移动。这可以是向上（晋升）或向下（失业）。想象百货商店里的自动扶梯——只不过不是每个人都能轻易踏上去。
8. Research Methods | 研究方法
Primary data is information collected first-hand by a researcher for a specific purpose, such as answers from a questionnaire you have designed yourself. ‘Primary’ means first – you are the first person to gather and analyse that data.
一手数据是研究者为特定目的亲自收集的信息，例如你自己设计的问卷获取的答案。“primary”意为第一——你是第一个收集和分析该数据的人。
Secondary data is information that has already been collected by someone else, such as official statistics, historical records, or books. The prefix ‘second’ implies it was gathered by a second party before you used it.
二手数据是已被他人收集好的信息，比如官方统计、历史记录或书籍。“second”这个前缀暗示它在你使用之前已经被另一方收集好了。
Questionnaire is a set of written questions used to gather information from a large number of people. The word contains ‘question’ – and the ‘-naire’ part can remind you of ‘survey’. It is efficient for collecting quantitative data (numerical facts).
问卷调查是一套用来从大量人群中收集信息的书面问题。单词包含“question”——而“-naire”部分可以帮助你联想到“survey”。它对于收集定量数据（数字事实）十分高效。
Interview is a face-to-face or verbal conversation where a researcher asks questions and records the responses. Interviews often produce qualitative data (detailed descriptions). Think of an ‘inter-view’ as an exchange of views between two people.
访谈是一种面对面或有声的对话，研究者提出问题并记录回答。访谈通常产生定性数据（详细描述）。可以把“interview”想象成两个人之间交换观点（inter – view）。
Observation involves watching and recording behaviour in a natural or controlled setting. Participant observation has the researcher join the group being studied. The word ‘observe’ simply means to watch carefully – sociologists become professional ‘watchers’.
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