📚 Year 7 Edexcel Biology: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memory Guide | 七年级爱德思生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is a game-changer in Year 7 Biology. This guide provides clever memory tricks, mnemonics and clear definitions to help you lock in essential Edexcel terminology with ease. You will move from simply recognising words to truly understanding and using them in exams.
掌握科学词汇是七年级生物学习的关键转折点。本指南提供巧妙的记忆技巧、助记口诀和清晰定义，帮助你轻松牢记爱德思必学术语。你不仅能够认出这些词，还能真正理解并在考试中准确运用它们。
1. Cell Structure Keywords | 细胞结构关键词
Animal and plant cells share some common parts, but only plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large permanent vacuole. Getting these terms straight early on will make all later topics much easier.
动物细胞和植物细胞有一些共同的结构，但只有植物细胞具有细胞壁、叶绿体和一个大液泡。尽早理清这些术语，会让后续所有课题学起来轻松许多。
Cell membrane – This thin layer surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves. Think of it as a strict bouncer at a club: it only allows certain molecules to pass through.
细胞膜——这层薄薄的膜包裹着细胞，控制物质的进出。把它想象成俱乐部里严格的保镖：只允许特定分子通过。
Nucleus – The ‘control centre’ of the cell that contains DNA. To remember it, link ‘nucleus’ to ‘nucleus of an atom’ – a central core. Picture the nucleus as the brain giving orders.
细胞核——细胞的“控制中心”，含有DNA。通过联想“原子核”来记忆——都是核心。把细胞核想象成发号施令的大脑。
Cytoplasm – A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions happen. The prefix ‘cyto-‘ means cell and ‘-plasm’ means jelly, so cytoplasm is literally ‘cell jelly’.
细胞质——一种果冻状物质，大多数化学反应在这里进行。前缀“cyto-”意为细胞，“-plasm”意为浆液，所以细胞质就是“细胞果冻”。
Cell wall – Found only in plant cells, this rigid outer layer is made of cellulose and gives the cell shape and support. Imagine a strong brick wall around a garden to keep it standing tall.
细胞壁——仅存在于植物细胞，这层坚硬的外壁由纤维素构成，赋予细胞形状和支撑。想象围绕花园的坚固砖墙，让植物挺拔向上。
Chloroplast – A green disc inside plant cells that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. Break it down: ‘chloro’ means green (like chlorophyll) and ‘plast’ sounds like plastic; picture a tiny green plastic bag capturing light energy.
叶绿体——植物细胞内的绿色圆盘，吸收阳光进行光合作用。拆解记忆：“chloro”意为绿色（如叶绿素），“plast”发音像塑料；想象一个微型绿色塑料袋捕捉光能。
Vacuole – A large, fluid-filled sac in plant cells that stores water, nutrients and waste. Vacuole sounds like ‘vacuum’ – a big empty space; here it is a storage chamber filled with cell sap.
液泡——植物细胞内一个充满液体的大囊，储存水分、养分和废物。液泡发音像“vacuum”（真空），指一个大空间；此处是装满细胞液的储物室。
2. Specialised Cells and Their Jobs | 特化细胞及其功能
Specialised cells have unique shapes and structures that help them carry out specific jobs. Recognising how form links to function is a core skill.
特化细胞具有独特的形状和结构，帮助它们完成特定的工作。识别形态与功能的联系是一项核心技能。
Red blood cell – It has no nucleus and a biconcave (dimpled) disc shape to squeeze through narrow capillaries and carry as much oxygen as possible. Imagine a squishy red life jacket that can bend and flex.
红细胞——没有细胞核，呈双凹圆盘状，能够挤过狭窄的毛细血管并尽可能多地携带氧气。想象一件柔软可弯折的红色救生衣。
Nerve cell (neuron) – A long, thin axon transmits electrical impulses quickly. Picture an electrical wire with a long tail connecting the brain to the muscles, lightning-fast.
神经细胞（神经元）——又长又细的轴突可以快速传递电信号。想象一根带着长尾巴的电线，把大脑和肌肉闪电般连接起来。
Root hair cell – A plant cell with a long, finger-like extension that increases the surface area for absorbing water and minerals from soil. Think of it as a drinking straw poking into the ground.
根毛细胞——植物细胞，具有长指状突起，增大了吸收土壤中水分和矿物质的表面积。把它想象成插进泥土的吸管。
Sperm cell – A tiny cell with a tail (flagellum) that propels it towards the egg, and a head packed with enzymes to break through the egg’s outer layer. Picture a miniature tadpole racing to deliver half the genetic code.
精子细胞——一个带着尾巴（鞭毛）的微小细胞，能游向卵细胞；头部充满酶以穿透卵子外层。想象一只微型蝌蚪正飞快地运送一半遗传密码。
3. From Cells to Organisms: Levels of Organisation | 从细胞到生物体：组织层次
In multicellular organisms, cells are organised into layers of increasing complexity. Mastering the hierarchy helps you answer both structure and function questions.
在多细胞生物中，细胞组织成越来越复杂的层级。掌握这个层级能帮助你回答结构和功能类问题。
Cells – the basic building blocks of life. Tissue – a group of similar cells working together, such as muscle tissue. Organ – different tissues combined to perform a specific function, like the heart. Organ system – a group of organs working together, e.g. the circulatory system. Organism – a complete living individual.
细胞——生命的基本单位。组织——一组相似细胞协同工作，如肌肉组织。器官——不同组织结合起来执行特定功能，如心脏。器官系统——一组器官协同工作，例如循环系统。生物体——一个完整的生命个体。
Use the silly sentence ‘Cows That Only Oink Sometimes’ to recall the sequence: Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism. Each level adds a new layer of cooperation.
用一句滑稽的话“Cows That Only Oink Sometimes”（只会偶尔哼哼叫的母牛）来记忆顺序：Cells（细胞）、Tissues（组织）、Organs（器官）、Organ Systems（器官系统）、Organism（生物体）。每一层都增加了新的合作。
4. MRS GREN: The Seven Life Processes | MRS GREN：七大生命过程
The acronym MRS GREN helps you recall the seven characteristics shared by all living things. Each letter stands for a life process, and knowing them inside out is essential for classification and organ function topics.
缩写词 MRS GREN 帮助你记住所有生物共有的七大特征。每个字母代表一种生命过程，彻底掌握它们对分类和器官功能课题至关重要。
Movement – an action by an organism causing a change of position or place. Respiration – the chemical reaction that releases energy from food. Sensitivity – detecting and responding to changes in the environment.
运动（Movement）——生物体引起位置或地点变化的动作。呼吸作用（Respiration）——从食物中释放能量的化学反应。感应（Sensitivity）——察觉并响应环境变化。
Growth – a permanent increase in size. Reproduction – producing offspring. Excretion – removal of metabolic waste. Nutrition – taking in materials for energy, growth and repair.
生长（Growth）——体积的永久性增大。繁殖（Reproduction）——产生后代。排泄（Excretion）——清除代谢废物。营养（Nutrition）——摄取物质以获得能量、生长和修复。
To never forget MRS GREN, make up your own story: ‘My Rabbit Sings Great Rock Every Night’. Chant it before you start any ‘characteristics of life’ question.
要永远记住 MRS GREN，可以编个小故事：“My Rabbit Sings Great Rock Every Night”（我的兔子每晚都唱很棒的摇滚）。在回答任何“生命特征”问题前默念它。
5. Classification of Living Things | 生物分类
Scientists sort organisms into groups using a hierarchical system. The largest groups are kingdoms, and the system narrows down to individual species.
科学家使用层级系统将生物分类。最大的群组是界，系统逐渐缩小至单个物种。
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species – this can be remembered with ‘King Paul Cried Out For Good Soup’ or ‘Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk’. Every organism gets a two-part scientific name using its genus and species, like Homo sapiens.
界、门、纲、目、科、属、种——可以用“King Paul Cried Out For Good Soup”或“Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk”来记忆。每一个生物都有由属名和种名组成的双名科学名称，如智人（Homo sapiens）。
Species – a group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Remember ‘species’ = ‘special us’ – only members of the same species can breed successfully.
物种——一组相似的生物，它们能够互相交配并产生可育后代。把“species”联想成“special us”（特别的我们）——只有同一物种的成员才能成功繁殖。
6. Ecology Essentials: Habitats and Ecosystems | 生态学基础：栖息地与生态系统
Ecology introduces words that describe where organisms live and how they interact. Getting these definitions crisp will help you interpret graphs and food chain diagrams later.
生态学引入了描述生物居住地和相互作用方式的词汇。准确掌握这些定义将帮助你日后解读图表和食物链示意图。
Habitat – the specific place where an organism lives, like a pond or a rotting log. Think of ‘habitat’ as ‘your flat’ – it is the home address.
栖息地——生物生活的特定地点，如池塘或腐烂的原木。把“habitat”想象成“你的公寓”——就是家庭住址。
Population – all the individuals of the same species living in a particular area. Picture a population of rabbits in a field.
种群——生活在特定区域内同一物种的所有个体。想象一片田野里的兔子种群。
Community – all the populations of different species that live together in a habitat. Ecosystem – the community plus the non-living (abiotic) factors such as sunlight, water and soil. Think of ecosystem as a village with all its residents plus the weather and landscape.
群落——栖息地中共同生活的所有不同物种的种群。生态系统——群落加上非生物（无生命）因素，如阳光、水和土壤。把生态系统想象成一个村庄，包含所有居民以及天气和景观。
7. Feeding Relationships: Food Chains and Webs | 摄食关系：食物链与食物网
Food chains show the flow of energy from one organism to another. The arrows point in the direction of energy transfer, meaning ‘is eaten by’. Every food chain begins with a producer.
食物链显示能量从一个生物转移到另一个生物的过程。箭头指向能量转移的方向，表示“被…吃掉”。每条食物链都始于生产者。
Producer – usually a green plant that photosynthesises, making its own food using sunlight. Consumer – an organism that eats other organisms. Primary consumers eat producers; secondary consumers eat primary consumers. Predator – an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food. Prey – the animal that is hunted.
生产者——通常是绿色植物，通过光合作用利用阳光制造自己的食物。消费者——以其他生物为食的生物。初级消费者吃生产者；次级消费者吃初级消费者。捕食者——捕杀其他动物作为食物的动物。猎物——被捕杀的动物。
Decomposer – microorganisms like bacteria and fungi that break down dead material and
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