📚 Year 7 Edexcel Geography: Key Vocabulary Quick-Reference Guide | 七年级爱德思地理：核心词汇速记指南
Mastering key terminology is the first step to thinking like a geographer. This guide presents you with fundamental terms from the Year 7 Edexcel Geography curriculum, each explained clearly and paired with a Chinese parallel to strengthen your bilingual understanding.
掌握关键术语是像地理学家一样思考的第一步。本指南为你梳理了七年级爱德思地理课程中的核心词汇，每个术语都配有清晰解释和中英文双语对照，帮助你巩固理解。
1. What is Geography? | 什么是地理？
Geography is the study of the Earth’s surface, its physical features, and the way people interact with their environment.
地理学是对地球表面、自然特征以及人类与环境相互作用方式的研究。
Environment means the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives.
环境指人、动物或植物生活所在的周边状况与条件。
Spatial refers to how features are arranged on the Earth’s surface and why they are located where they are.
空间的指事物在地表上的分布方式及其形成原因。
Scale is the relationship between the distance on a map and the actual distance on the ground; it can also mean the level at which a geographical study is carried out, such as local, regional, or global.
尺度/比例既可指地图距离与实地距离的对应关系，也可指地理研究开展的层面，比如本地、区域或全球尺度。
2. Physical and Human Geography | 自然地理与人文地理
Physical geography focuses on natural processes and features, including landforms, climates, soils, and ecosystems.
自然地理关注地貌、气候、土壤和生态系统等自然过程与特征。
Human geography studies how people create places, organise space, and interact with the environment, covering topics like population, settlements, and economic activities.
人文地理研究人类如何创造场所、组织空间并与环境互动，涵盖人口、聚落和经济活动等主题。
Landform is a natural feature of the Earth’s surface, such as a mountain, valley, or plain.
地貌是地表的天然形态，例如山、谷或平原。
Ecosystem is a community of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a system.
生态系统是由生物群落与其物理环境相互作用构成的系统。
3. Map Skills | 地图技能
Map is a two‑dimensional representation of part of the Earth’s surface, showing selected features.
地图是地表一部分的二维表示，展示经过选择的要素。
Compass rose shows the direction on a map, with the four cardinal points: North, East, South, and West.
罗盘玫瑰指示地图方向，包含北、东、南、西四个基本方位。
Scale on a map is expressed as a ratio or a line that tells you how much the real world has been reduced.
地图上的比例尺采用比值或线段表示实地缩小了多少倍。
Contour line is a line on a map joining points of equal height above sea level; they show the shape and steepness of the land.
等高线是地图上连接海拔相等各点的曲线，用于展示地形起伏与坡度。
Grid reference uses a numbered grid to pinpoint a location; a four‑figure reference gives a general area, while a six‑figure reference locates a specific point.
格网参考利用编号格网定位地点；四位数字参考给出大致区域，六位数字参考可精确定点。
Latitude lines run east–west and measure distance north or south of the Equator.
纬线沿东西方向延伸，量度赤道以北或以南的距离。
Longitude lines run north–south and measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian.
经线沿南北方向延伸，量度本初子午线以东或以西的距离。
4. Landforms and Landscapes | 地貌与景观
Landscape refers to all the visible features of an area of land, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.
景观指某片土地所有可见的特征，常从美学角度衡量。
Mountain is a landform that rises prominently above its surroundings, typically with steep slopes and a defined summit.
山是一类明显高于周围环境的地貌，通常具有陡坡和明确的山顶。
Valley is a low area between hills or mountains, often with a river or stream flowing through it.
谷/山谷是山丘或山脉间的低洼地带，常有河流或溪流穿过。
Plain is a broad area of relatively flat land, often used for farming.
平原是广阔而相对平坦的土地，常用于耕作。
Plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side.
高原是海拔较高且顶部平坦的地貌，至少有一侧陡峭高出周围区域。
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks in situ by weather, plants, or chemical reactions.
风化指岩石在原地因天气、植物或化学反应而发生的破碎过程。
5. Rivers | 河流
Source is the place where a river begins, often in a highland area as a spring, lake, or melting glacier.
河源是河流发源地，多位于高地，可能为泉、湖或冰川融水。
Mouth is the point where a river enters the sea, a lake, or a larger river.
河口是河流汇入海洋、湖泊或更大河流的地方。
Tributary is a smaller stream or river that flows into a larger river.
支流是汇入更大河流的小溪或河流。
Confluence is the point where two rivers meet.
汇流点是两条河流交汇的地点。
Meander is a winding curve or bend in a river, formed by erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank.
曲流/河曲是河流中的蜿蜒弯道，由外侧侵蚀与内侧堆积共同形成。
Floodplain is the flat land next to a river that may be covered by water during a flood.
泛滥平原是紧邻河流的平地，洪水期间可能被淹没。
Waterfall is a sudden vertical drop in a river’s course, often formed where hard rock lies over softer rock.
瀑布是河流中出现的陡直落差，常因硬岩覆盖软岩而形成。
6. Coasts | 海岸
Coast is the zone where the land meets the sea, shaped by wave action and tidal processes.
海岸是陆地与海洋交汇的地带，受波浪和潮汐作用塑造。
Beach is an accumulation of sand, shingle, or pebbles along the shore, deposited by waves.
海滩是沿滨岸堆积的沙、砾石或卵石，由波浪堆积而成。
Cliff is a steep, often vertical rock face along a coastline, formed by erosion and weathering.
海蚀崖是海岸线上陡峭且常近垂直的岩面，由侵蚀和风化形成。
Wave is the movement of energy across the sea surface; constructive waves build beaches, while destructive waves erode them.
波浪是能量在海面的传递；建设性波浪堆积海滩，破坏性波浪则侵蚀海滩。
Longshore drift is the transport of sand and pebbles along the coast by waves approaching at an angle.
沿岸漂移指波浪以一定角度靠近海岸时，将沙砾沿海岸线搬运的过程。
Spit is a narrow ridge of sand or shingle extending from the shore into the sea, formed by longshore drift.
沙嘴是由沿岸漂移形成的、从海岸向海延伸的狭长沙砾脊。
7. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候
Weather describes the day‑to‑day condition of the atmosphere at a particular place, including temperature, precipitation, and wind.
天气指某地大气状况的逐日变化，包括气温、降水和风等。
Climate is the average weather conditions of a place measured over at least 30 years.
气候是一个地方至少30年间天气状况的平均统计。
Temperature measures how hot or cold the air is, usually given in degrees Celsius (°C).
温度衡量空气冷热程度，通常以摄氏度（°C）为单位。
Precipitation is any form of water, liquid or solid, that falls from the atmosphere, including rain, snow, sleet, and hail.
降水指从大气中落到地面的任何液态或固态水，包括雨、雪、雨夹雪和冰雹。
Wind is the movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
风是空气由高气压区向低气压区的流动。
Climate zone is a region with distinct climate characteristics, such as tropical, temperate, or polar.
气候带是具有独特气候特征的区域，如热带、温带或极地气候带。
8. Population and Settlement | 人口与聚落
Population refers to the total number of people living in a particular area.
人口指居住在特定区域内的总人数。
Population density is the number of people per unit area, often expressed per square kilometre.
人口密度是单位面积上的人口数量，常以每平方公里人数表示。
Population distribution describes the way people are spread across an area, whether evenly or clustered.
人口分布描述人口在某一区域内的散居格局，可能是均匀的或集中的。
Urban refers to built‑up areas, such as towns and cities, with high population density and many services.
城市/城镇指建筑物密集的定居区，人口密度高、服务设施集中。
Rural describes countryside areas with low population density, dominated by farmland, villages, and open space.
乡村指人口密度低的农村地区，以农田、村庄和开阔地为主。
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, often for better job opportunities or living conditions.
迁移/人口流动是人们从一个地方移居到另一个地方的行为，通常为了更好的就业或生活条件。
Settlement site is the actual land on which a village, town, or city is built.
聚落选址是村庄、城镇或城市所建的实际地块。
9. Economic Activities | 经济活动
Primary industries extract raw materials directly from the Earth or sea, such as farming, fishing, mining, and forestry.
第一产业直接从土地或海洋获取原料，如农耕、渔业、采矿和林业。
Secondary industries process raw materials into finished or semi‑finished products, including manufacturing and construction.
第二产业将原料加工为成品或半成品，包括制造业和建筑业。
Tertiary industries provide services to people and businesses, such as retail, transport, education, and healthcare.
第三产业为个人和企业提供服务，如零售、运输、教育和医疗。
Quaternary activities involve knowledge‑based and information services, like research, IT, and consultancy.
第四产业/知识型活动涉及知识型和信息类服务，如科研、信息技术和咨询。
Agriculture is the cultivation of land to grow crops or raise livestock for food and raw materials.
农业是对土地进行耕作以种植作物或饲养牲畜，获得食物和原料的活动。
Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations for leisure, business, or cultural purposes, and it can boost a local economy.
旅游业是人们因休闲、商务或文化目的暂时前往某地的活动，可带动地方经济。
10. Environmental Concerns | 环境问题
Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment, affecting air, water, and land.
污染是有害物质进入环境，对空气、水和土地造成的不良影响。
Climate change refers to long‑term shifts in temperature and weather patterns, largely driven by human activities that increase greenhouse gases.
气候变化指温度和天气模式的长期变化，主要由人类活动导致的温室气体增加所引起。
Deforestation is the clearing of large areas of forest, often for timber, farming, or urban expansion, reducing biodiversity and carbon storage.
森林砍伐是为获取木材、开垦农田或城市扩张而大规模清除森林，会降低生物多样性并减少碳储存。
Sustainability means meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, balancing social, economic, and environmental factors.
可持续性指满足当代需求的同时不损害后代满足其需求的能力，追求社会、经济与环境因素的平衡。
Renewable resources can be replenished naturally in a short time, such as solar, wind, and hydro energy.
可再生资源能在较短时间内自然补充的能源，如太阳能、风能和水力。
Non‑renewable resources exist in finite amounts and take millions of years to form, like coal, oil, and natural gas.
不可再生资源储量有限且需数百万年才能形成，例如煤、石油和天然气。
Conservation is the careful management and protection of natural resources and ecosystems to prevent exploitation and degradation.
保护/保育是对自然资源和生态系统的审慎管理与维护，以防止过度开发与退化。
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