📚 Year 7 Edexcel Geography: Quick Reference Formulas and Key Concepts | 七年级爱德思地理：公式定理速查手册
Geography at Year 7 is not just about learning place names — it is about discovering how to measure, analyse and interpret the world using essential skills. From reading maps to calculating population density, these formulas and key concepts are the building blocks that help you think like a geographer. This quick reference handbook brings together all the must-know formulas, definitions and step-by-step methods, explained clearly so you can revise with confidence for your Edexcel course.
七年级地理不仅仅是记住地名——它是关于学习如何使用基本技能来测量、分析和解读世界。从阅读地图到计算人口密度，这些公式和关键概念是帮助你像地理学家一样思考的基石。这本速查手册汇集了所有必知的公式、定义和分步方法，讲解清晰，让你对爱德思课程充满信心地复习。
1. Map Scale | 地图比例尺
The map scale shows the relationship between distance on the map and distance in the real world. It is usually expressed as a ratio (1:50,000) or as a statement (1 cm represents 500 m). The formula to convert map distance to real distance is: Real distance = Map distance × Scale factor. Always keep units consistent — convert to metres or kilometres at the end.
地图比例尺表示图上距离与实际距离的关系。它通常以比例式（1:50,000）或文字式（1厘米代表500米）表达。将图上距离换算为实地距离的公式是：实地距离 = 图上距离 × 比例尺系数。始终要保持单位一致——最后再换算成米或千米。
Example: On a 1:25,000 map, two points are 8 cm apart. Real distance = 8 cm × 25,000 = 200,000 cm = 2,000 m = 2 km.
示例：在1:25,000地图上，两点相距8厘米。实地距离 = 8厘米 × 25,000 = 200,000厘米 = 2,000米 = 2公里。
2. Measuring Straight-line and Curved Distances | 测量直线和曲线距离
Use a ruler to measure the straight-line distance between two points on a map, then apply the scale formula. For a curved path (e.g. a river or road), use a piece of string or the edge of a paper to follow the curve, mark the end, then straighten and measure the length against the ruler.
用直尺量出地图上两点间的直线距离，然后应用比例尺公式。对于弯曲的路径（如河流或道路），用一根细绳或纸边沿着曲线摆放，标出终点，然后将其拉直并用直尺测量长度。
Always record measurements in centimetres or millimetres before converting to real-world distance.
始终先以厘米或毫米记录测量值，再换算为实地距离。
3. Four-figure and Six-figure Grid References | 四位数与六位数网格坐标
Grid references help you locate places precisely on Ordnance Survey maps. A four-figure GR gives the easting then northing of the square’s bottom-left corner (e.g. 1234). A six-figure GR adds extra digits to estimate the exact point inside that square — each square is divided into tenths.
网格坐标帮助你在英国地形测量图上精确定位。四位数坐标给出方格左下角的东向和北向（例如1234）。六位数坐标则增加额外数字来估算该方格内的确切位置——每个方格被分为十等份。
For a symbol located 4 tenths across and 7 tenths up in square 1234, the six-figure reference is 124347. Remember: ‘Along the corridor, then up the stairs.’
对于位于1234方格内横向4/10、纵向7/10处的符号，六位数坐标为124347。记住：“先沿走廊走，再上楼”。
4. Compass Directions and Bearings | 罗盘方向与方位角
Compass points include the four cardinal directions (N, E, S, W) and the four intercardinal directions (NE, SE, SW, NW). A bearing is a more precise direction measured clockwise from North in degrees, from 0° to 360°. Use a protractor aligned with North to measure the angle from North to your target point.
罗盘方位点包括四个基本方向（北、东、南、西）和四个间位方向（东北、东南、西南、西北）。方位角是一种更精确的方向，以度数为单位，从正北开始沿顺时针方向测量，从0°到360°。将量角器对准正北，测量从正北到目标点的角度。
If a location is exactly to the east, the bearing is 090°. Southwest is 225°. Always write bearings as three-digit numbers.
如果某地正位于东方，方位角为090°。西南方为225°。始终要用三位数字书写方位角。
5. Calculating Gradient | 坡度计算
Gradient measures how steep a slope is. It is the difference in height between two points divided by the horizontal distance between them. Gradient = Vertical interval (height difference) ÷ Horizontal equivalent (ground distance). Express the gradient as a ratio, e.g. 1:25, which means that for every 25 metres horizontally, the land rises 1 metre.
坡度衡量斜坡的陡峭程度。它是两点之间的高差除以水平距离。坡度 = 垂直间距（高差）÷ 水平当量（地面距离）。将坡度表示为比例，例如1:25，意味着每水平25米，地面上升1米。
Vertical interval = 100 m, horizontal distance = 2,000 m → Gradient = 100 ÷ 2,000 = 1:20.
垂直间距 = 100米, 水平距离 = 2,000米 → 坡度 = 100 ÷ 2,000 = 1:20.
6. Population Density | 人口密度
Population density tells you how crowded an area is on average. The simple formula is: Population density = Total population ÷ Total area (in km²). It gives a figure expressed as people per square kilometre (people/km²). Remember this is an average — some places may be densely settled while others are empty.
人口密度告诉你一个地区平均有多拥挤。简单公式为：人口密度 = 总人口 ÷ 总面积（平方公里）。结果以每平方公里人数（人/平方公里）表示。记住这只是平均值——有些地方可能很密集，而其他地方则空旷无人。
Example: A city has 200,000 people living in a 50 km² area. Density = 200,000 ÷ 50 = 4,000 people/km².
示例：一个城市有20万人，面积为50平方公里。密度 = 200,000 ÷ 50 = 4,000人/平方公里。
7. Mean, Median, Mode and Range | 平均数、中位数、众数和极差
These numerical skills help you analyse geographical data, such as temperature or rainfall. The mean is found by adding all values and dividing by the number of values. The median is the middle value when data are ordered. The mode is the most frequent value. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values: Range = Maximum − Minimum.
这些数字技能帮助你分析地理数据，例如气温或降雨量。平均数是将所有数值相加然后除以数值个数。中位数是数据按顺序排列后的中间值。众数是出现最频繁的值。极差是最大值与最小值之差：极差 = 最大值 − 最小值。
Data set: 3, 5, 5, 7, 10. Mean = 6, Median = 5, Mode = 5, Range = 7.
数据集：3, 5, 5, 7, 10。平均数 = 6，中位数 = 5，众数 = 5，极差 = 7。
8. Drawing and Interpreting Bar Charts and Line Graphs | 绘制与解读条形图和折线图
Bar charts are used to compare categories, while line graphs show continuous changes, often over time. Always label the axes clearly, use an appropriate scale, and give the chart a title. The independent variable (e.g. time) goes on the x-axis, the dependent variable (e.g. temperature) on the y-axis.
条形图用于比较不同类别，而折线图则显示连续变化，通常是随时间变化。务必清晰地标记坐标轴，使用合适的比例，并给图表添加标题。自变量（例如时间）置于x轴，因变量（例如温度）置于y轴。
In a climate graph, you often combine a line graph for temperature and bar chart for precipitation.
在气候图中，常将温度折线图与降水量条形图组合在一起。
9. Latitude and Longitude | 纬度与经度
Latitude lines run horizontally around the Earth. The Equator is 0° latitude; the North Pole is 90°N, the South Pole 90°S. Longitude lines run vertically from pole to pole; the Prime Meridian (Greenwich) is 0° longitude. Together, they form a grid system that gives every point on Earth an exact address.
纬线沿水平方向环绕地球。赤道为0°，北极点是90°N，南极点是90°S。经线沿垂直方向从一极延伸到另一极；本初子午线（格林威治）是0°经线。它们共同构成一个网格系统，为地球上每一个点提供精确的地址。
Coordinates are always given latitude first, then longitude, e.g. London is roughly 51°N, 0°W.
坐标总是先给出纬度，再给出经度，例如伦敦大约是51°N, 0°W。
10. Time Zones and Longitude | 时区与经度
The Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, so every 15° of longitude represents a one-hour time difference. Places east of the Prime Meridian are ahead in time; places west are behind. To calculate time difference: Divide the difference in longitude by 15° to get hours. Add or subtract from UTC (Greenwich Mean Time) depending on direction.
地球在24小时内自转360°，因此每15°经度代表一小时的时差。本初子午线以东的地区时间更早；以西的地区时间更晚。计算时差：将经度差除以15°得出小时数。根据方向在协调世界时（格林威治标准时间）的基础上加或减。
Moving from 0° to 45°E → time is 3 hours ahead. From 0° to 30°W → time is 2 hours behind.
从0°移至45°E → 时间快3小时。从0°移至30°W → 时间慢2小时。
11. Map Symbols and Key | 地图图例与符号
Ordnance Survey maps use a standard set of symbols to represent features like roads, footpaths, rivers, churches, and post offices. The key (or legend) explains these symbols. Always check the key before answering questions. You may also need to sketch symbols in a box to show understanding on assessments.
英国地形测量图使用一套标准符号来表示道路、人行道、河流、教堂和邮局等地物。图例对这些符号进行解释。回答问题前务必查看图例。在评估中，你可能还需要在方框内绘出符号以显示理解。
Common symbols include: blue shading for water, green shading for woodland, black dashed lines for footpaths, and a cross for a place of worship.
常见符号包括：蓝色阴影表示水域，绿色阴影表示林地，黑色虚线表示人行道，十字表示礼拜场所。
12. Proportional Symbols and Flow Lines | 比例符号与流量线
On thematic maps, proportional symbols change size according to the data value — a larger circle represents a bigger city, for example. Flow lines show movement, like traffic or migration, where the width of the line indicates the volume of the flow. Always check the legend for the scale of these symbols.
在专题地图上，比例符号根据数据值改变大小——例如，较大的圆代表较大的城市。流量线显示移动，如交通或迁移，线的宽度表示流量的大小。始终查看图例以了解这些符号的比例。
When drawing proportional circles, the radius is often scaled to the square root of the value to keep area proportional.
绘制比例圆时，半径通常按值的平方根缩放，以保持面积成比例。
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