📚 Year 7 Edexcel Media: A Quick Guide to Key Vocabulary | Year 7 Edexcel 媒体：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential quick-reference guide for Year 7 Edexcel Media Studies. In this article, you will find the key terms and vocabulary you need to confidently analyse, discuss and create media texts. Each term is explained clearly and paired with a Chinese translation to make learning easier and more memorable.
欢迎来到 Year 7 Edexcel 媒体学习必备的速记指南。在这篇文章里，你将找到自信分析、讨论和创作媒体文本所需要的核心术语与词汇。每个术语都配有清晰的中文翻译，让学习更轻松、更易记。
1. What is Media? | 什么是媒体？
Media refers to the many ways we communicate messages to large groups of people. It includes television, film, radio, newspapers, magazines, social media, websites, video games and advertising. Whenever you watch a YouTube video, scroll through Instagram or read a comic, you are consuming a media text.
媒体指的是我们向大众传播信息的多种方式，包括电视、电影、广播、报纸、杂志、社交媒体、网站、电子游戏和广告。每当你观看 YouTube 视频、刷 Instagram 或者读一本漫画时，你都在消费一种媒体文本。
In Media Studies, a ‘text’ is any media product that can be ‘read’ and analysed, not just written words. A movie poster, a podcast episode or even a TikTok clip can be a media text. Learning the special language of media helps you to become an active reader rather than just a passive consumer.
在媒体研究中，“文本”指的是任何可以被“解读”和分析的媒体产品，而不仅仅是书面文字。一张电影海报、一集播客甚至一个 TikTok 短片都可以是媒体文本。学习媒体专用的语言，能帮助你成为一个积极的解读人，而不仅仅是被动的消费者。
2. Camera Shots | 镜头景别
Camera shots describe how much of a subject or scene is shown in a single frame. Different shots create different feelings and give the audience specific information. Memorising these six basic shots will give you a strong foundation for visual analysis.
镜头景别描述的是单帧画面中展示了多少主体或场景。不同的景别会营造不同的感觉，并给观众传递特定的信息。记住这六种基本景别，会为你的视觉分析打下扎实的基础。
Extreme long shot (ELS): Shows the subject from a great distance, often used to establish a location or setting. A tiny figure in a vast desert is an example.
极远景 (ELS)： 从很远的距离展示主体，常用来交代地点或场景。例如渺小的人影站在广阔的沙漠中。
Long shot (LS): Frames the whole subject from head to toe, with plenty of background visible. It helps the audience see the character’s body language and surroundings.
远景 (LS)： 框取主体的全身，背景空间充足。这有助于观众看清人物的肢体语言和周围环境。
Medium shot (MS): Shows the subject from the waist up. This is very common in dialogue scenes because it allows us to see facial expressions while still noticing hand gestures.
中景 (MS)： 展示人物腰部以上的部分。这在对话场景中十分常见，因为它让我们既能看到面部表情，又能注意到手势。
Close-up (CU): Fills the frame with a face or an important object. It focuses the audience’s attention on emotions or key details, such as a clenched fist or a tear.
特写 (CU)： 用整张脸或某个重要物体填满画面。它把观众的注意力集中在情感或关键细节上，比如紧握的拳头或一滴眼泪。
Extreme close-up (ECU): Shows only a tiny part of the subject, like an eye or the tip of a pen. It creates intensity and mystery and makes the audience wonder what is happening.
极特写 (ECU)： 只展示主体极小的一部分，比如一只眼睛或笔尖。它制造紧张感和神秘感，让观众好奇到底发生了什么。
3. Camera Angles | 镜头角度
Camera angle refers to the position of the camera in relation to the subject. Changing the angle can instantly change the message the audience receives about a character’s power, status or mood.
镜头角度指的是摄影机相对于被摄主体的位置。改变角度可以瞬间改变观众所接收到的有关角色权力、地位或情绪的信息。
High angle: The camera looks down at the subject. This makes the subject appear small, weak or vulnerable. For example, a bully might be shown from a high angle to make us feel sorry for them.
俯角： 摄影机向下看被摄主体。这让主体显得渺小、软弱或脆弱。例如，欺凌者可能会用俯角拍摄，让我们为其感到难过。
Low angle: The camera looks up at the subject. This makes the subject seem larger, more powerful or intimidating. Superheroes are often filmed from a low angle to make them look heroic.
仰角： 摄影机向上看被摄主体。这让主体显得更大、更有力量或令人生畏。超级英雄常常用仰角拍摄，使他们看起来英勇无比。
Eye-level angle: The camera is placed at the same height as the character’s eyes. This makes the audience feel equal to the character and is often used to create realism and connection.
平视角度： 摄影机与人物眼睛处于同一高度。这让观众感觉与角色平等，常用来营造真实感和联系感。
Dutch angle / canted angle: The camera is tilted to one side. This is used to suggest confusion, unease or that something strange is happening.
斜角 / 倾斜角度： 摄影机向一侧倾斜。这用来暗示混乱、不安或者有奇怪的事情正在发生。
4. Sound | 声音
Sound is a powerful tool in media. It helps set the atmosphere, guides our emotions and can even trick us into feeling a certain way. In Media Studies, we split sound into two main types: diegetic and non-diegetic.
声音是媒体中一个强大的工具。它能营造氛围，引导我们的情绪，甚至诱使我们产生某种感觉。在媒体研究中，我们把声音分为两大类：叙事空间内音和叙事空间外音。
Diegetic sound: Any sound that comes from inside the story world. Characters can hear these sounds. Examples include a character talking, a doorbell ringing, footsteps or music playing from a radio inside the scene.
叙事空间内音： 来自故事世界内部的所有声音，角色可以听到这些声音。例如角色说话、门铃响起、脚步声或者场景中收音机播放的音乐。
Non-diegetic sound: Sound added for the audience only. The characters cannot hear it. The most common examples are background music (the film score), a voice-over narration or a sudden ‘sting’ sound effect used in a horror trailer.
叙事空间外音： 仅为观众添加的声音，角色听不到。最常见的例子是背景音乐（电影配乐）、画外音叙述或者恐怖片预告中突然出现的“尖锐”音效。
Dialogue: The spoken words between characters. Sound effects (SFX): Artificially created or enhanced sounds, such as a lightsaber humming or a thunderclap. Music: Can be diegetic or non-diegetic and is hugely important for shaping mood.
对话： 角色之间说出来的话。音效 (SFX)： 人工制造或增强的声音，比如光剑的嗡嗡声或雷声。音乐： 可以是叙事空间内或空间外音，它对塑造情绪至关重要。
5. Editing | 剪辑
Editing is the process of selecting and joining together different shots to form a completed sequence. The rhythm, order and style of editing affect pace, meaning and the emotional journey of the audience.
剪辑是选择和连接不同镜头以形成完整序列的过程。剪辑的节奏、顺序和风格影响着影片的步调、含义以及观众的情感旅程。
Cut: The most basic edit, where one shot suddenly changes to another. A fast series of cuts can create excitement; a slow pace feels calm.
切： 最基本的剪辑方式，一个镜头突然变成另一个。一连串快速切换可以制造兴奋感；而缓慢的节奏则让人感觉平静。
Transition: A more noticeable way to move between shots. Common transitions include the fade (to or from black), the dissolve (one image blends into another) and the wipe (one shot pushes another off screen).
转场： 一种更明显的镜头切换方式。常见的转场包括淡入淡出（渐黑或渐显）、叠化（一个画面融入另一个）和划像（一个镜头把另一个推出屏幕）。
Montage: A sequence of shots edited together to condense time or show a process quickly. Think of a training montage in a sports film where the character runs, lifts weights and practices repeatedly in just a few minutes on screen.
蒙太奇： 一组镜头剪辑在一起，以压缩时间或快速展示过程。想想体育电影中的训练蒙太奇，角色在屏幕上几分钟之内不断地跑步、举重和练习。
6. Lighting and Colour | 灯光与色彩
Lighting and colour are not just technical choices; they are storytelling tools. They can reveal a character’s inner feelings, suggest a genre or guide the viewer’s eye to the most important part of a scene.
灯光和色彩不只是技术选择，它们是讲故事的利器。它们能揭示角色的内心感受，暗示影片类型，或引导观众视线投向场景中最重要的部分。
High-key lighting: Bright, even lighting with very few shadows. Often used in comedies, sitcoms and advertisements to create a cheerful, safe atmosphere.
高调照明： 明亮均匀的光线，几乎没有阴影。常用于喜剧、情景剧和广告中，营造快乐、安全的氛围。
Low-key lighting: Creates strong contrasts between light and dark, with deep shadows. This is typical of horror films, film noir and thrillers because it makes scenes feel tense and mysterious.
低调照明： 制造出明暗强烈对比和浓重阴影。这在恐怖片、黑色电影和惊悚片中很常见，因为它让场景感觉紧张而神秘。
Colour palette: The range of colours used in a media text. Warm colours (red, orange, yellow) can suggest passion, anger or warmth. Cool colours (blue, green, purple) are often associated with calm, sadness or coldness. A film might use a desaturated colour palette (very little colour) to create a gloomy, realistic or serious mood.
色彩基调： 媒体文本中使用的色调范围。暖色（红、橙、黄）可以暗示激情、愤怒或温暖。冷色（蓝、绿、紫）常与冷静、悲伤或寒冷联系在一起。一部影片可能会使用低饱和度色彩基调（颜色非常少）来营造阴郁、写实或严肃的情绪。
7. Narrative | 叙事
Narrative simply means story. Every media text that has a sequence of events has a narrative structure. Understanding these structures helps you to predict what might happen next and to see how creators keep us engaged.
叙事就是故事的意思。每个包含一系列事件的媒体文本都有叙事结构。理解这些结构有助于你预测接下来可能发生的事情，并看清创作者如何吸引你。
Linear narrative: Events are told in the order they happen, from beginning to middle to end. A straightforward ‘and then’ story.
线性叙事： 事件按发生的先后顺序讲述，从开头到中间再到结尾。一个直截了当的“然后”式的故事。
Non-linear narrative: Events are told out of chronological order. Flashbacks, flash-forwards and dream sequences are examples. This technique is used to reveal secrets slowly or to puzzle the audience.
非线性叙事： 事件不按时间先后顺序讲述。闪回、闪前和梦境段落都是例子。这种技巧用来慢慢揭示秘密或让观众感到困惑。
Equilibrium theory (Todorov): Many stories follow this simple pattern: a calm balanced state (equilibrium) is disrupted by an event (disequilibrium), and then the characters try to restore balance (new equilibrium). For example, a princess sings happily in her castle (equilibrium), a witch curses her (disequilibrium), and a brave friend breaks the spell (new equilibrium).
均衡理论（托多罗夫）： 许多故事遵循这个简单模式：平静的平衡状态（均衡）被某个事件打破（失衡），然后角色们试图恢复平衡（新均衡）。例如，公主在城堡里快乐地唱歌（均衡），女巫对她施了诅咒（失衡），然后一位勇敢的朋友破解了咒语（新均衡）。
8. Audience | 受众
The audience is the group of people who consume a media text. Creators always have a target audience in mind and use specific techniques to attract and hold their attention.
受众是消费媒体文本的人群。创作者心中始终有一个目标受众，并使用特定的技巧来吸引并保持他们的注意力。
Target audience: The specific group a media product is aimed at. This can be defined by age, gender, interests, location or lifestyle. A gaming YouTube channel might target 12–16-year-olds, while a gardening magazine would target older adults.
目标受众： 媒体产品所针对的特定群体。这可以通过年龄、性别、兴趣、地点或生活方式来定义。一个游戏 YouTube 频道可能针对 12 到 16 岁的青少年，而一本园艺杂志则针对年龄较大的成年人。
Uses and gratifications theory: This theory suggests audiences use media to satisfy specific needs. The four main reasons are: information (learning), personal identity (finding role models), integration and social interaction (feeling connected) and entertainment (escaping or relaxing).
使用与满足理论： 这个理论认为，受众使用媒体来满足特定的需求。四个主要原因是：获取信息（学习）、建立个人身份（寻找榜样）、融入与社交互动（感到被连接）以及娱乐（逃避或放松）。
Passive vs. active audience: A passive audience simply accepts the messages without questioning. An active audience thinks critically, makes their own interpretations and might even discuss and challenge the ideas.
被动受众与主动受众： 被动受众只是接受信息而不加质疑。主动受众则会批判性思考，做出自己的解读，甚至可能会讨论和质疑这些想法。
9. Media Language | 媒体语言
Just as English has nouns and verbs, Media has its own language made up of signs, codes and symbols. Understanding this ‘grammar’ helps you to decode hidden meanings in any media text.
就像英语有名词和动词一样，媒体也有自己的一套语言，由符号、代码和象征构成。理解这套“语法”能帮助你解码任何媒体文本中隐藏的含义。
Denotation: The literal, obvious meaning of a sign. A rose is a flower.
外延： 符号的字面、明显含义。玫瑰是一种花。
Connotation: The deeper, associated meanings that a sign carries. A red rose can connote love, romance or even danger, depending on the context.
内涵： 符号承载的更深层的联想含义。一朵红玫瑰可以内涵着爱情、浪漫甚至危险，这取决于语境。
Mise-en-scène: A French term that means ‘everything in the frame’. It includes setting, costume, props, lighting, colour and the actors’ body language and facial expressions. Analysing mise-en-scène is like being a detective, looking for clues the director has left.
场面调度： 一个法语术语，意思是“画框内的一切”。它包括场景、服装、道具、灯光、色彩以及演员的肢体语言和面部表情。分析场面调度就像当一名侦探，寻找导演留下的线索。
10. Quick Memory Hacks | 速记小窍门
Struggling to remember all these terms? Try these simple memory tricks. They turn studying into a game and help your brain form strong, lasting connections.
觉得很难记住所有这些术语？试试这些简单的记忆技巧。它们能把学习变成游戏，帮助你的大脑建立牢固而持久的联系。
Flashcards with a twist: Write the English term on one side and the Chinese translation on the other. Add a quick sketch or a personal example to make it stick. For ‘close-up’, you might draw a giant tear and write ‘a sad moment’.
创意闪卡： 一面写英文术语，另一面写中文翻译。添加一个小简笔画或一个你自己的例子来加深记忆。对于“特写”，你可以画一颗巨大的眼泪并写上“悲伤时刻”。
Spot it while you stream: Next time you watch a show, actively shout out (or whisper) the terms when you see them. ‘Medium shot! Low angle! Non-diegetic music!’ This turns passive viewing into active revision.
边看边认： 下次你看节目时，一看到术语所指的画面就主动喊出来（或小声说出来）。“中景！仰角！叙事空间外音乐！”这让被动观看变成了主动复习。
Create a story chain: Link tricky terms into a silly story. For example: ‘The EXTREME LONG SHOT showed a tiny castle. As we moved to a MEDIUM SHOT, a wizard appeared from a LOW ANGLE, looking powerful. The NON-DIEGETIC music warned us he was dangerous…’ The sillier, the better.
编个故事链： 把难记的术语编成一个傻傻的故事。比如：“极远景中出现了一座小城堡。随着我们切到中景，一个巫师以仰角出现，看起来很强大。叙事空间外音乐警告我们他很危险……”故事越傻，记忆效果越好。
11. Putting It Together | 融会贯通
Now that you have a solid vocabulary list, the key is to use the terms actively. When you analyse a film trailer, a magazine cover or an advertisement, try to answer these three questions: What shots and angles are used? What do the sound and lighting tell me? Who is the target audience and how are they being appealed to?
现在你已经掌握了一份扎实的词汇表，关键是要主动使用这些术语。当你分析一个电影预告片、一张杂志封面或一则广告时，试着回答这三个问题：用了什么景别和角度？声音和灯光告诉了我什么？目标受众是谁，他们是如何被吸引的？
Your goal is not just to label a close-up but to explain why a close-up was chosen. For example: ‘The director uses a close-up of the character’s trembling hands to show her fear without using any words.’ This is the kind of analysis that earns top marks.
你的目标不仅仅是给特写贴上标签，而是要解释为什么要选择特写。例如：“导演使用角色颤抖双手的特写，无需任何台词就表现出她的恐惧。”这种分析才能赢得高分。
Keep this guide handy, add your own examples and practise little and often. Before you know it, you will be speaking the language of media fluently and confidently.
把这份指南放在手边，加上你自己的例子，并经常进行少量练习。不知不觉中，你就会流利自信地说出媒体语言了。
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