📚 Year 7 Edexcel Psychology: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 Edexcel 心理学：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 7 Edexcel Psychology revision guide. This article brings together all the core topics you need to know, from what psychology actually means to how our brains process information, how we remember, and how we are influenced by others. Each section is designed to give you clear explanations in both English and Chinese, helping you build a strong foundation in this fascinating subject.
欢迎来到 Year 7 Edexcel 心理学复习指南。本文汇集了你需要掌握的所有核心主题，从心理学的真正含义到大脑如何处理信息、我们如何记忆以及如何受到他人的影响。每个部分都为你提供了清晰的中英双语解释，帮助你为这门引人入胜的学科打下坚实的基础。
1. What Is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. It is a discipline that tries to understand why we think, feel, and act the way we do in different situations.
心理学被定义为对心理和行为的科学研究。这门学科试图理解我们在不同情境下为何会以特定的方式思考、感受和行动。
Instead of relying on guesswork or common sense, psychologists use systematic methods to collect data and test their ideas. This makes psychology an evidence-based science, not just a collection of opinions.
心理学家并不依赖猜测或常识，而是使用系统化的方法来收集数据并检验自己的想法。这使得心理学成为一门以证据为基础的科学，而不仅仅是一堆观点的集合。
Psychology covers many different topics, including how we remember things, how we develop attachments as babies, and why we sometimes conform to group pressure. Understanding these areas helps us make sense of everyday life.
心理学涵盖了许多不同的主题，包括我们如何记忆事物、我们在婴儿时期如何形成依恋，以及我们有时为什么会顺从群体压力。理解这些领域有助于我们理解日常生活。
2. The Scientific Method in Psychology | 心理学中的科学方法
At the heart of psychology lies the scientific method. Researchers begin with a research question, form a hypothesis, and then design a study to test it. A hypothesis is a clear, testable prediction about what might happen.
科学方法是心理学的核心。研究者首先提出研究问题，形成假设，然后设计研究来检验它。假设是对可能发生的结果所作出的清晰、可检验的预测。
Psychologists use different research methods, such as experiments, observations, and questionnaires. In an experiment, the researcher changes one thing (the independent variable) and measures how it affects another thing (the dependent variable).
心理学家使用不同的研究方法，例如实验法、观察法和问卷法。在实验中，研究者改变一个因素（自变量），并测量它如何影响另一个因素（因变量）。
Ethical considerations are very important in psychological research. This means researchers must protect participants from harm, obtain their informed consent, and keep their information confidential. Without ethics, research would not be trustworthy.
伦理考量在心理学研究中非常重要。这意味着研究者必须保护被试免受伤害、获得他们的知情同意并对其信息保密。没有伦理规范，研究将不可信。
A key concept is objectivity. Psychologists try to keep personal biases out of their observations and analyses so that their findings are reliable and can be replicated by others. Replication means repeating a study to see if the same results are found again.
一个关键概念是客观性。心理学家努力将个人偏见排除在观察和分析之外，以便他们的发现是可靠的，并能被他人重复验证。重复验证是指再次进行同一项研究，看是否能得到相同的结果。
3. Memory: How We Encode, Store and Retrieve | 记忆：我们如何编码、储存和提取
Memory is the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information. It is not a single system but can be thought of as having different stores. The multi-store model suggests we have a sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
记忆是我们对信息进行编码、储存和提取的过程。它不是一个单一的系统，而是可以分为不同的存储库。多储存模型认为我们有感觉登记、短时记忆和长时记忆。
The sensory register holds information from our senses for a very brief period, usually less than a second. If we pay attention to this information, it moves into short-term memory. Short-term memory has a limited capacity, often said to be about 7 +/- 2 items, and a short duration of around 18-30 seconds.
感觉登记在极短的时间内（通常不到一秒）保存来自感官的信息。如果我们注意这些信息，它就会转移到短时记忆中。短时记忆的容量有限，通常被认为是 7±2 个项目，持续时间也很短，大约 18 到 30 秒。
Long-term memory has a potentially unlimited capacity and can hold information for a very long time, even a lifetime. It stores facts, personal experiences, and skills. Information moves from short-term to long-term memory through rehearsal, which involves repeating or actively thinking about the material.
长时记忆的容量几乎是无限的，并且可以长时间甚至永久地保存信息。它储存事实、个人经历和技能。信息通过复述从短时记忆转移到长时记忆，复述包括重复或主动思考材料。
Forgetting can occur for many reasons, such as decay (memory trace fades over time) or interference (new or old information disrupts recall). Retrieval failure also explains why we sometimes cannot access a memory even though it is still stored there.
遗忘可能由多种原因引起，例如痕迹消退（记忆痕迹随时间消退）或干扰（新旧信息干扰了回忆）。提取失败也能解释为什么我们有时无法提取某段记忆，尽管它仍然储存在那里。
4. Perception: Making Sense of Sensation | 感知：理解感觉
Perception is the process by which our brain organises and interprets sensory information, giving it meaning. Sensation is simply the detection of physical stimuli by our sense organs, such as light hitting the retina or sound waves entering the ear.
感知是大脑组织和解释感官信息并赋予其意义的过程。感觉仅仅是我们的感觉器官对物理刺激的探测，例如光线照射到视网膜或声波进入耳朵。
We do not passively receive information from the world. Instead, our brain actively constructs perceptions using both bottom-up processing (driven by sensory data) and top-down processing (driven by our expectations, knowledge and past experiences).
我们并不是被动地接收来自世界的信息。相反，我们的大脑利用自下而上的加工（由感觉数据驱动）和自上而下的加工（由我们的期望、知识和过去经验驱动）主动地构建感知。
Visual illusions are a fascinating way to study perception. Illusions such as the Ponzo illusion or the Muller-Lyer illusion show that our perceptual system can be fooled. They happen because our brain applies rules that usually work in the real world but fail in a two-dimensional drawing.
视觉错觉是研究感知的迷人方式。诸如旁佐错觉或缪勒-莱尔错觉之类的错觉表明，我们的知觉系统可能会被欺骗。它们发生的原因是我们的大脑应用了通常在现实世界中有效的规则，但在二维图画中却失效了。
Depth perception allows us to see the world in three dimensions. We use monocular cues (such as relative size, texture gradient, and height in plane) and binocular cues (such as retinal disparity) to judge distance. These cues help us navigate our environment safely.
深度知觉使我们能够以三维方式观察世界。我们利用单眼线索（如相对大小、纹理梯度和平面中的高度）和双眼线索（如视网膜像差）来判断距离。这些线索帮助我们安全地在环境中穿行。
5. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Social influence refers to the ways in which an individual’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviours can be affected by other people. Two important forms of social influence are conformity and obedience.
社会影响指的是个体的思想、情感或行为可能受到他人影响的方式。社会影响的两种重要形式是从众和服从。
Conformity is a change in a person’s behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a group. A classic study by Asch showed that many participants would give an obviously wrong answer about line lengths just because the rest of the group gave that answer first.
从众是指由于来自群体的真实或想象的压力而导致个人行为或观点的改变。阿希的一项经典研究表明，许多被试会仅仅因为组内其他人都先给出了错误答案，而对线条长度给出明显错误的回答。
Obedience involves following an order from an authority figure. Milgram’s famous experiment demonstrated that ordinary people would administer what they believed were severe electric shocks to another person when instructed by an authority figure. This showed the powerful effect of perceived authority.
服从涉及遵从权威人物发出的命令。米尔格拉姆的著名实验表明，普通人在权威人物的指令下，会对自己认为是严重电击他人的行为予以执行。这显示了感知到的权威所具有的强大影响力。
Social influence is not always negative. Informational social influence happens when we conform because we believe others have more accurate knowledge, which helps in ambiguous situations. Normative social influence occurs when we conform to be liked or accepted by the group.
社会影响并非总是消极的。信息性社会影响发生在我们因为相信他人拥有更准确的知识而顺从时，这在模糊情境中很有帮助。规范性社会影响发生在我们为了被群体喜欢或接纳而顺从时。
6. The Brain and Nervous System | 大脑与神经系统
Our behaviour and mental processes are rooted in the biology of the brain and nervous system. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
我们的行为和心理过程植根于大脑和神经系统的生物学基础。神经系统分为中枢神经系统（由脑和脊髓组成）以及将中枢神经系统与身体其他部分连接起来的外周神经系统。
Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. They communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals. A typical neuron has dendrites that receive signals, a cell body that processes them, and an axon that sends signals to other neurons.
神经元是神经系统的基本构建模块。它们通过电信号和化学信号相互沟通。一个典型的神经元有接收信号的树突、处理信号的细胞体以及将信号发送给其他神经元的轴突。
Different parts of the brain are specialised for different functions. The frontal lobe is involved in decision making and personality, the temporal lobe plays a key role in memory and language, the occipital lobe processes visual information, and the parietal lobe handles sensory information such as touch and temperature.
大脑的不同部位专门负责不同的功能。额叶参与决策和人格，颞叶在记忆和语言中起关键作用，枕叶处理视觉信息，而顶叶处理触觉和温度等感觉信息。
The brain is highly adaptable, a property known as neuroplasticity. Even in Year 7, it is useful to understand that with practice, the connections between neurons can be strengthened and new skills can be learned. This is why revision and practice actually change your brain.
大脑具有很强的适应性，这种特性被称为神经可塑性。即使在 Year 7，明白通过练习可以加强神经元之间的连接并学习新技能也是很有用的。这就是为什么复习和练习真的能改变你的大脑。
7. Development: Attachment and Cognitive Growth | 发展：依恋与认知成长
Developmental psychology examines how people change and grow over the lifespan. For Year 7, we focus on early development, particularly attachment and cognitive growth in childhood.
发展心理学研究人们在生命全程中如何变化和成长。对 Year 7 的学生来说，我们重点关注早期发展，尤其是童年期的依恋和认知成长。
Attachment is a strong emotional bond between an infant and its primary caregiver. This bond is crucial for survival and later social development. The work of Bowlby and Ainsworth highlighted that a secure attachment gives a child a safe base from which to explore the world.
依恋是婴儿与其主要照顾者之间强烈的情感纽带。这种纽带对于生存和日后的社会发展至关重要。鲍尔比和安斯沃思的研究强调，安全型依恋为孩子提供了一个探索世界的安全基地。
Cognitive development refers to how thinking, problem-solving, and understanding change as a child grows. Piaget’s theory suggested that children go through distinct stages of intellectual development, such as the sensorimotor stage and the concrete operational stage.
认知发展是指随着儿童成长，其思维、解决问题和理解能力如何变化。皮亚杰的理论认为，儿童会经历不同的智力发展阶段，例如感觉运动阶段和具体运算阶段。
In the concrete operational stage (around ages 7 to 11), children begin to think logically about concrete events. They master the idea of conservation – understanding that quantity stays the same even if appearance changes, like when water is poured from a short, wide glass into a tall, thin one.
在具体运算阶段（约 7 至 11 岁），儿童开始对具体事件进行逻辑思考。他们掌握了守恒的概念——理解即使外观改变，数量也保持不变，例如将水从矮而宽的杯子倒入高而细的杯子时。
8. Emotions and Motivation | 情绪与动机
Emotions are complex psychological states that involve subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and expressive behaviours. Basic emotions such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust are thought to be universal across cultures.
情绪是复杂的心理状态，涉及主观感受、生理唤醒和表达性行为。快乐、悲伤、恐惧、愤怒、惊讶和厌恶等基本情绪被认为在不同文化中是普遍存在的。
Motivation is what drives us to act in order to achieve a goal or fulfil a need. It can arise from within us (intrinsic motivation), like reading for enjoyment, or from external rewards (extrinsic motivation), such as studying to earn praise from parents.
动机是驱使我们为实现目标或满足需求而采取行动的力量。它可以来自我们内部（内在动机），例如为了享受而阅读；也可以来自外部奖励（外在动机），例如为获得父母表扬而学习。
A well-known theory of motivation is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It is often shown as a pyramid, with basic physiological needs (food, water) at the bottom. Once these are met, we seek safety, then love and belonging, then esteem, and finally self-actualisation – reaching our full potential.
一个著名的动机理论是马斯洛的需求层次理论。它通常表示为金字塔形，底部是基本的生理需求（食物、水）。一旦这些得到满足，我们会寻求安全、然后是爱与归属、然后是尊重，最后是自我实现——发挥我们的全部潜能。
Understanding emotions and motivation helps us see why students differ in the classroom. Some may be motivated by curiosity, while others respond better to clear targets and recognition. Recognising emotional states can also improve learning and wellbeing.
理解情绪和动机有助于我们明白为什么学生们在课堂上的表现各不相同。有些人可能受好奇心驱动，而另一些人则对明确的目标和认可反应更好。识别情绪状态还能改善学习和身心健康。
9. Psychological Disorders: A Brief Introduction | 心理障碍：简介
Psychology is also concerned with understanding and treating psychological disorders. A psychological disorder is a pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviours that causes significant distress or impairment in a person’s life. It is important to approach this topic with sensitivity.
心理学也关注理解和治疗心理障碍。心理障碍是指会导致个体生活中显著痛苦或功能受损的思维、情感或行为模式。以敏感的态度对待这一主题非常重要。
One common example is phobias – intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations. A person with a phobia of dogs might avoid parks and feel extreme anxiety even when seeing a picture of a dog. Phobias are often explained through classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with fear.
一个常见的例子是恐惧症——对特定物体或情境的强烈、非理性的恐惧。一个对狗有恐惧症的人可能会避开公园，甚至在看到狗的照片时也会感到极度焦虑。恐惧症通常可以通过经典条件作用来解释，即一个中性刺激与恐惧产生了联结。
Another example is depression, which involves persistent low mood, loss of interest in activities, and feelings of worthlessness. It is far more than just feeling sad. Biological, psychological, and social factors all play a role in the development of depression.
另一个例子是抑郁症，它涉及持续的情绪低落、对活动失去兴趣以及无价值感。这远不止是感到悲伤。生物、心理和社会因素都在抑郁症的发展中起着作用。
Effective treatments exist for many disorders. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) helps people identify and change unhelpful thinking patterns. Medication can also be used in some cases to correct chemical imbalances in the brain. Reducing stigma around mental health is a key goal in today’s world.
许多障碍存在有效的治疗方法。认知行为疗法帮助人们识别并改变无益的思维模式。在某些情况下，药物也可用于纠正大脑中的化学失衡。减少对心理健康的污名化是当今世界的一个关键目标。
10. Applying Psychology in Everyday Life | 心理学在日常生活中的应用
Psychology is not just an academic subject; it has practical applications that can improve your studies, relationships, and wellbeing. By applying psychological principles, you can become a more effective learner and a more understanding friend.
心理学并不只是一门学术学科；它具有实际应用价值，可以改善你的学习、人际关系和身心健康。通过应用心理学原理，你可以成为一个更有效率的学习者和更善解人意的朋友。
For example, spacing out your revision sessions rather than cramming the night before an exam takes advantage of the spacing effect, a well-supported memory phenomenon. Similarly, testing yourself on material rather than just re-reading it uses the testing effect to strengthen recall.
例如，将复习分散进行而不是在考试前一晚突击，利用了间隔效应这一得到充分支持的记忆现象。同样，对学习材料进行自我测试，而不仅仅是重读，利用了测试效应来加强记忆。
Understanding conformity can help you resist peer pressure and make independent decisions. Knowing about attachment and development can explain why younger siblings might behave differently from older ones. Psychology gives you a toolkit for understanding human behaviour in all its complexity.
理解从众可以帮助你抵抗同伴压力并做出独立的决定。了解依恋和发展能够解释为什么弟弟妹妹的行为可能和哥哥姐姐不同。心理学为你提供了一个理解复杂人类行为的有用工具箱。
Finally, studying psychology encourages critical thinking. You learn to question claims, evaluate evidence, and distinguish between reliable research and popular myths. These skills will serve you well across all your subjects and throughout life.
最后，学习心理学鼓励批判性思维。你学会质疑各种说法，评估证据，并区分可靠的研究和流行的误区。这些技能将在你所有学科的学习和整个人生中为你提供帮助。
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