📚 Year 7 OCR Business: Rapid Revision Guide to Key Terms | Year 7 OCR 商务：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick-fire revision guide for Year 7 OCR Business Studies. Mastering the vocabulary of business is the first step towards understanding how companies operate, how customers make choices, and how markets work. This guide breaks down essential terms into bite-sized, bilingual explanations to help you recall them effortlessly. Whether you are preparing for a classroom test or simply building a solid foundation, these definitions and examples will make key concepts stick.
欢迎来到 Year 7 OCR 商务速记指南。掌握商务词汇是理解企业运作、顾客选择和市场经济的第一步。本指南将重要术语拆解成中英对照的简明解释，帮助你轻松记忆。无论你是在准备课堂测验，还是想打好基础，这些定义和例子都能让核心概念牢牢扎根。
1. Business and Entrepreneur | 企业与企业家
A business is any organisation that provides goods or services to consumers in exchange for money. This can range from a local bakery to a multinational technology company. The main goal of most businesses is to earn a profit, although some exist for social or charitable purposes.
企业指任何通过提供商品或服务来换取金钱的组织，小到街角面包房，大到跨国科技公司。大多数企业的主要目标是赚取利润，尽管部分企业出于社会或慈善目的而存在。
An entrepreneur is a person who spots a business opportunity, takes the risk of starting a new venture, and organises the necessary resources — such as money, labour, and materials. Entrepreneurs often display qualities like creativity, resilience, and a willingness to take calculated risks. Richard Branson and Sara Blakely are famous examples.
企业家指发现商业机会、承担创业风险并组织资金、劳动力和原材料等必要资源的人。企业家通常具备创造力、韧性和敢于承担可计算风险的品质。理查德·布兰森和萨拉·布莱克利就是广为人知的企业家。
- Key terms: business, profit, entrepreneur, risk, resources
- 关键词：企业，利润，企业家，风险，资源
2. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are physical items you can touch and own, such as a smartphone, a pair of trainers, or a box of cereal. They are often produced in factories before being sold to customers. Goods can be durable (like furniture) or non‑durable (like fresh bread).
商品指可以触摸和拥有的有形物品，如智能手机、运动鞋或一盒麦片。它们通常在工厂生产，然后出售给顾客。商品可分为耐用品（如家具）和非耐用品（如新鲜面包）。
A service is an intangible action that one person or business performs for another. Examples include getting a haircut, taking a train journey, or being treated by a doctor. Services are consumed at the moment they are produced and cannot be stored.
服务指个人或企业为他人提供的无形行为，例如理发、乘火车或看医生。服务在生产的同时被消费，无法储存。
| Goods | Services |
| Tangible | Intangible |
| Can be stored | Cannot be stored |
| Production separate from consumption | Production and consumption at same time |
- Key terms: goods, services, tangible, intangible, durable, non‑durable
- 关键词：商品，服务，有形，无形，耐用品，非耐用品
3. Needs and Wants | 需要与欲望
A need is something essential for survival, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing. Businesses that supply these necessities often find steady demand because people cannot live without them.
需要指维持生存所必需的东西，如食物、水、住所和衣物。提供这些必需品的企业通常面对稳定需求，因为人们离不开它们。
A want is something a person would like to have but is not essential for survival. A luxury car, the latest video game console, or a holiday abroad are all examples of wants. Wants are shaped by culture, advertising, and personal taste, and they are theoretically unlimited.
欲望指人们希望拥有，但并非生存所必需的东西。豪华轿车、最新款的游戏机或海外度假都属于欲望。欲望受文化、广告和个人品味影响，在理论上没有止境。
- Key terms: needs, wants, essential, unlimited, demand
- 关键词：需要，欲望，必需，无限，需求
4. Supply and Demand | 供应与需求
Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price. Typically, as price falls, demand rises — this is known as the law of demand.
需求指消费者在给定价格下愿意并且能够购买的商品或服务数量。通常价格下降时需求量上升，这就叫需求定律。
Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale. According to the law of supply, higher prices generally encourage producers to supply more because they can earn greater revenue.
供应指生产者愿意并且能够出售的商品或服务数量。根据供应定律，价格越高，生产者的供应量往往越大，因为他们可以获得更多收入。
The equilibrium price is the point where supply and demand balance, meaning there is no shortage or surplus. Understanding this helps businesses set prices that maximise their sales and profits.
均衡价格是供应与需求平衡的点，此时既无短缺，也无过剩。理解这一点有助于企业设定能最大化销售和利润的价格。
- Key terms: demand, supply, law of demand, law of supply, equilibrium price, shortage, surplus
- 关键词：需求，供应，需求定律，供应定律，均衡价格，短缺，过剩
5. Costs, Revenue, and Profit | 成本、收入与利润
Costs are the expenses a business incurs when producing goods or services. Fixed costs do not change with the level of output — rent and salaries are typical examples. Variable costs change directly with the quantity produced, such as raw materials and packaging.
成本指企业在生产商品或服务过程中发生的支出。固定成本不随产量变化——租金和固定薪水是典型例子。可变成本直接随产量变化，如原材料和包装费用。
Revenue is the money a business earns from selling its products. It is calculated as:
收入指企业通过销售产品获得的金钱。计算公式为：
Revenue = Price × Quantity Sold
收入 = 价格 × 销售数量
Profit is the positive difference between total revenue and total costs. If costs exceed revenue, the business makes a loss. Profit acts as a reward for taking risks and is essential for long‑term survival.
利润指总收入与总成本之间的正差额。如果成本超过收入，企业就出现亏损。利润是对承担风险的回报，对长期生存至关重要。
- Key terms: fixed cost, variable cost, total cost, revenue, profit, loss
- 关键词：固定成本，可变成本，总成本，收入，利润，亏损
6. Types of Business Organisation | 企业组织形式
A sole trader is a business owned and run by one person. The owner keeps all the profits but has unlimited liability, meaning their personal assets could be used to pay business debts. This is the simplest form of business to set up.
个体经营者指由一个人拥有并经营的企业。业主获得所有利润，但承担无限责任，这意味着个人财产可能被用于偿还企业债务。这是最简单的创业形式。
A partnership involves two or more people sharing the risks, profits, and responsibilities. Like sole traders, most partners have unlimited liability, although a limited liability partnership (LLP) can offer protection.
合伙企业涉及两个或两个以上的人共同分担风险、利润和责任。与个体经营者一样，多数合伙人承担无限责任，但有限责任合伙 (LLP) 可提供保护。
A private limited company (Ltd) is a legally separate entity from its owners. Shareholders have limited liability, meaning they only risk the amount they invested. Shares are not sold to the general public.
私人有限公司 (Ltd) 是一个与其所有者法律上分离的实体。股东承担有限责任，即他们仅以投资额为风险上限。股份不向公众公开发售。
- Key terms: sole trader, partnership, private limited company, unlimited liability, limited liability, shareholder
- 关键词：个体经营者，合伙企业，私人有限公司，无限责任，有限责任，股东
7. Market and Competition | 市场与竞争
A market is any place — physical or virtual — where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods and services. The market price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand. Online platforms like eBay are modern examples of markets.
市场指买卖双方聚集在一起交换商品和服务的任何场所，可以是实体或虚拟的。市场价格由供需互动决定。像eBay这样的在线平台就是现代市场。
Competition occurs when multiple businesses try to attract the same customers. Direct competition involves firms selling similar products (e.g., two burger restaurants), while indirect competition comes from substitute goods (e.g., a cinema competing with a bowling alley for leisure spending).
竞争指多家企业试图吸引相同顾客的现象。直接竞争涉及销售相似产品的企业（如两家汉堡餐厅），而间接竞争来自替代品（如电影院和保龄球馆争夺休闲支出）。
Businesses gain a competitive advantage by offering something unique — lower prices, better quality, or excellent customer service. Innovation and branding are common ways to stand out.
企业通过提供独特的东西来获得竞争优势——更低的价格、更优的质量或卓越的客户服务。创新和品牌塑造是常见的突出方式。
- Key terms: market, competition, direct competition, indirect competition, competitive advantage
- 关键词：市场，竞争，直接竞争，间接竞争，竞争优势
8. Marketing Mix (The 4 Ps) | 营销组合 (4P)
The marketing mix is a combination of elements a business uses to promote and sell its products. The classic framework is the 4 Ps: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion.
营销组合是企业用来推广和销售产品的要素组合。经典框架即4P：产品、价格、渠道和促销。
Product refers to the good or service being offered, including its features, quality, and packaging. Price is how much customers pay — pricing strategies might be high to signal quality or low to attract volume. Place covers where and how the product is sold, such as in a shop, online, or through a distributor. Promotion includes advertising, sales promotions, public relations, and social media activity used to inform and persuade customers.
产品指所提供的商品或服务，包括其特性、质量和包装。价格是顾客支付的金额——定价策略可能走高价位以彰显品质，或走低价位以追求销量。渠道涵盖产品销售的地点和方式，如实体店、线上或通过分销商。促销包括广告、促销活动、公关和社交媒体活动，用于告知和说服顾客。
- Key terms: marketing mix, product, price, place, promotion, 4 Ps
- 关键词：营销组合，产品，价格，渠道，促销，4P
9. Cash Flow and Budgeting | 现金流与预算
Cash flow is the movement of money into and out of a business over a period of time. Positive cash flow means more money is coming in than going out; negative cash flow signals trouble, as the business may struggle to pay bills.
现金流指一段时间内资金流入和流出企业的运动。正向现金流意味着流入资金多于流出；负向现金流则显示困境，因为企业可能难以支付账单。
A budget is a financial plan that estimates future income and expenditure. Businesses use budgets to control spending, set targets, and measure performance. Even in Year 7, understanding that careful financial planning prevents failure is vital.
预算是预测未来收入和支出的财务计划。企业利用预算来控制开支、设定目标和衡量绩效。即使在7年级，理解审慎的财务规划可防止失败也是至关重要的。
Common cash flow problems stem from customers paying late, unexpected costs, or over‑investing in stock. Keeping a cash reserve and chasing overdue payments are practical solutions.
常见的现金流问题源于客户延迟付款、意外成本或库存过度投资。保留现金储备和追讨逾期款项是实际解决方案。
- Key terms: cash flow, positive cash flow, negative cash flow, budget, expenditure, revenue
- 关键词：现金流，正向现金流，负向现金流，预算，支出，收入
10. Business Objectives and Stakeholders | 商业目标与利益相关者
A business objective is a target that an organisation sets to guide its actions. Common objectives include survival (especially for new firms), profit maximisation, growth, market share increase, and providing excellent customer service. Objectives give direction and help measure success.
商业目标是组织为指引行动而设定的靶子。常见目标包括生存（尤其对新企业）、利润最大化、增长、提高市场占有率和提供卓越客户服务。目标指明方向并帮助衡量成功。
Stakeholders are all the individuals or groups affected by a business’s activities. Internal stakeholders include owners, managers, and employees. External stakeholders include customers, suppliers, the local community, and even the government. Each group has different interests — owners want profit, employees want fair pay and job security, and the community wants environmental care and jobs.
利益相关者指受企业活动影响的所有个人或群体。内部利益相关者包括所有者、管理人员和员工。外部利益相关者包括顾客、供应商、当地社区甚至政府。每个群体有不同的利益——所有者要利润，员工要公平薪酬和工作保障，社区要环境保护和就业机会。
Balancing these interests is an ongoing challenge for managers. A socially responsible business tries to meet the expectations of multiple stakeholders while still making a profit.
平衡这些利益是管理者持续面临的挑战。一家有社会责任感的企业在盈利的同时，会努力满足多方利益相关者的期望。
- Key terms: business objective, stakeholder, internal stakeholder, external stakeholder, survival, profit maximisation, social responsibility
- 关键词：商业目标，利益相关者，内部利益相关者，外部利益相关者，生存，利润最大化，社会责任
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