📚 Year 7 OCR Economics: Case Study Practice | Year 7 OCR 经济：案例分析实战演练
Welcome to your case study drill for Year 7 OCR Economics! This article takes you through real-world inspired scenarios that help you apply core economic ideas such as scarcity, opportunity cost, demand and supply, and decision-making. Work through each section, think like an economist, and strengthen your exam skills step by step.
欢迎来到 Year 7 OCR 经济学案例分析实战演练！这篇文章将通过贴近生活的案例，帮助你运用稀缺性、机会成本、需求与供给、决策等核心经济概念。像个经济学家一样思考，一步步提升你的应试能力。
1. The Lemonade Stand and Scarcity | 柠檬水摊位与稀缺性
Imagine you decide to run a lemonade stand after school. You have only 10 lemons, 500 grams of sugar and 2 litres of water. This limited stock is your resource constraint — exactly what economists call scarcity. Because your resources are not enough to satisfy all possible wants, you must make choices about how much lemonade to produce and at what price.
想象你决定放学后开一个柠檬水摊。你只有 10 个柠檬、500 克糖和 2 升水。这些有限的库存就是你的资源约束——正是经济学家所说的稀缺性。由于你的资源不足以满足所有可能的欲望，你必须决定生产多少柠檬水以及定价。
A simple production rule: each glass requires 1 lemon and 50 grams of sugar. With 10 lemons, you can make at most 10 glasses. Scarcity forces you to answer the three fundamental economic questions: What to produce? (lemonade) How to produce? (using your limited ingredients efficiently) For whom to produce? (your thirsty neighbours). These questions are at the heart of every economy.
一个简单的生产规则：每杯柠檬水需要 1 个柠檬和 50 克糖。用 10 个柠檬，你最多能做 10 杯。稀缺性迫使你回答三个基本经济问题：生产什么？（柠檬水）如何生产？（高效利用有限的原料）为谁生产？（口渴的邻居）。这些问题是每个经济体的核心。
Case study task: If a friend offers you 3 extra lemons for free, how does that change your production possibilities? Calculate the new maximum output. This shows how an increase in resources relaxes the scarcity constraint.
案例分析任务：如果一个朋友免费送你 3 个额外的柠檬，你的生产可能性会如何改变？计算新的最大产出。这展示了资源增加如何缓解稀缺性约束。
2. Choosing Between Activities: Opportunity Cost | 活动选择：机会成本
On Saturday afternoon you have two options: spend 3 hours at a football match with friends or use those same 3 hours to revise for an economics test. You cannot do both. The opportunity cost of choosing the football match is the revision time and the potential better grade you give up. Economists measure cost not just in money, but in the next best alternative foregone.
周六下午你有两个选择：花 3 小时和朋友看足球赛，或者用这 3 小时复习经济学考试。你不能两者兼顾。选择足球赛的机会成本就是你放弃的复习时间以及可能获得的更好成绩。经济学家衡量成本不只是用金钱，还包括放弃的次优选择。
Consider this case: You have £10 pocket money. You can buy a cinema ticket (£10) or a second-hand economics book (£8) plus a snack (£2). The opportunity cost of the cinema ticket is the book and snack combined. Understanding opportunity cost helps you make more careful decisions about how to use your limited time and money.
考虑这个案例：你有 10 英镑零花钱。你可以买一张电影票（10 英镑）或者一本二手经济书（8 英镑）加一份零食（2 英镑）。电影票的机会成本就是那本书和零食的组合。理解机会成本能帮助你更谨慎地决定如何使用有限的时间和金钱。
Practice scenario: Lara has to choose between attending a free coding workshop and earning £15 by helping a neighbour with gardening. What is the opportunity cost of the workshop? Answer: the £15 income she forgoes. This reminds us that even ‘free’ things can have a real opportunity cost.
练习场景：劳拉必须在参加免费编程工作坊和通过帮邻居做园艺赚 15 英镑之间做出选择。参加工作坊的机会成本是什么？答案：她放弃的 15 英镑收入。这提醒我们，即使是“免费”的东西也可能有真实的机会成本。
3. Demand for Ice Cream: A Sunny Day Case | 冰淇淋需求：晴天案例
Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices during a given time period. Let’s examine a local ice cream van. On a sunny 30 °C day, at a price of £1.50 per scoop, customers buy 200 scoops. When the price rises to £2.00, quantity demanded drops to 140 scoops. This opposite relationship is the law of demand.
需求是指在一定时期内，消费者在不同价格下愿意并且能够购买的商品或服务的数量。让我们考察一辆当地的冰淇淋车。在晴朗的 30 °C 天，每球价格 1.50 英镑时，顾客购买 200 球。当价格升至 2.00 英镑时，需求量下降到 140 球。这种反向关系就是需求定律。
Weather is a demand shifter. On a rainy 15 °C day, even at £1.50 consumers demand only 80 scoops. This shift of the entire demand curve shows how non-price factors affect demand. Other shifters include changes in income, tastes, and the price of substitutes like cold drinks.
天气是一个需求变动因素。在阴雨的 15 °C 天，即使是 1.50 英镑，消费者也只需要 80 球。整条需求曲线的移动说明了非价格因素如何影响需求。其他变动因素包括收入变化、偏好以及替代品（如冷饮）的价格。
Case study application: Using the data, draw a simple demand schedule and demand curve. How would a health campaign about sugar affect demand for ice cream? Explain whether the curve shifts left or right.
案例分析应用：利用数据绘制一个简单的需求表与需求曲线。关于糖分摄入的健康宣传活动会如何影响冰淇淋需求？请解释曲线是向左还是向右移动。
4. Supply of Lemonade: Costs and Technology | 柠檬水供应：成本与技术
Supply is the quantity producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices. Return to your lemonade stand. If you can sell a glass for £1.00, you are willing to supply 6 glasses. At £1.50 per glass, you increase supply to 10 glasses because the higher price covers your costs and offers more profit. This positive relationship is the law of supply.
供给是指生产者在不同价格下愿意并且能够出售的数量。回到你的柠檬水摊。如果每杯能卖 1.00 英镑，你愿意供应 6 杯。每杯 1.50 英镑时，你增加供给到 10 杯，因为更高的价格覆盖了成本并提供了更多利润。这种正向关系就是供给定律。
Now imagine you buy an electric juicer, reducing the time to squeeze lemons. This improvement in technology means at £1.50 you can now supply 15 glasses. The supply curve shifts to the right. Other supply shifters include input costs (sugar prices rise), number of sellers, and weather affecting lemon harvests.
现在想象你买了一台电动榨汁机，缩短了榨柠檬的时间。这项技术进步意味着在 1.50 英镑的价格下你现在可以供应 15 杯。供给曲线向右移动。其他供给变动因素包括投入成本（糖价上涨）、卖者数量，以及影响柠檬收成的天气。
Your turn: Create a supply schedule for your lemonade stand under two scenarios: using manual squeezing and using the electric juicer. Identify one factor that would cause a movement along the supply curve and one that would shift the curve.
该你了：为你的柠檬水摊在两中情况下创建供给表：手动榨汁和使用电动榨汁机。找出一个导致沿供给曲线移动的因素和一个导致曲线移动的因素。
5. Market Equilibrium: The School Fair | 市场均衡：学校义卖会
At a school fair, students sell homemade biscuits. The demand and supply schedules meet at an equilibrium price of £1.20 per biscuit, where both quantity demanded and quantity supplied equal 80 biscuits. At this point the market clears; there is no excess supply or excess demand.
在学校义卖会上，学生出售自制饼干。需求表和供给表在每块饼干 1.20 英镑的均衡价格处交汇，此时需求量和供给量都等于 80 块。在这一点市场出清，没有超额供给或超额需求。
Consider a scenario where the price is set too high at £1.80. At this price, demand falls to 50 biscuits while suppliers want to sell 100 biscuits. The result is a surplus of 50 biscuits. To sell them, some students lower prices, moving the market back toward equilibrium. Conversely, a price of £0.80 creates a shortage of 40 biscuits, leading to queues and upward pressure on price.
考虑一个情景：价格定得太高，为 1.80 英镑。这时需求降到 50 块，而供给者想卖掉 100 块。结果是 50 块的过剩。为了卖掉饼干，一些学生会降价，推动市场回到均衡。相反，0.80 英镑的价格会造成 40 块的短缺，导致排队以及对价格的上行压力。
Case study analysis: If the school suddenly doubles the number of stalls selling biscuits, what happens to supply, equilibrium price and quantity? Use a diagram in your mind and predict the new equilibrium. This illustrates how entry of new firms affects market outcomes.
案例分析：如果学校突然让卖饼干的摊位数量翻倍，供给、均衡价格和数量会发生什么变化？在脑中画图并预测新的均衡。这说明了新企业进入如何影响市场结果。
6. Factors of Production at a Bakery | 面包房的生产要素
Every good or service requires four factors of production: land, labour, capital and enterprise. Visit a local bakery. Land includes the shop site and natural ingredients like wheat. Labour is the bakers, cashiers and delivery staff. Capital covers the ovens, mixing machines and delivery van. Enterprise is the risk-taking owner who organises the other three factors to create bread and cakes.
每种商品或服务都需要四种生产要素：土地、劳动、资本和企业家才能。走进一家当地面包房。土地包括店铺场所和小麦等天然原料。劳动是面包师、收银员和配送人员。资本涵盖烤炉、搅拌机和送货车。企业家才能是那个承担风险、组织其他三种要素来生产面包和蛋糕的店主。
When the bakery buys a new, faster oven, it is investing in capital. This investment can increase output without hiring more workers — a productivity improvement. In Year 7 economics, you need to classify examples into the four factors. A case study question might ask: ‘A farmer uses a tractor to plough a field. Identify the factors of production.’ Answer: land (field), labour (farmer), capital (tractor), enterprise (the farmer’s decision to grow wheat).
当面包房购买一台新的更快的烤炉时，它在投资资本。这项投资可以在不增加工人的情况下提高产量——这是生产率的提升。在 Year 7 经济学中，你需要将案例归类到四种要素。案例分析问题可能会问：“一位农民用拖拉机耕地。识别生产要素。”答案：土地（田地）、劳动（农民）、资本（拖拉机）、企业家才能（农民种植小麦的决定）。
Activity: Draw a table with the four factors and list two examples from your own school canteen. This helps you link theory to everyday surroundings.
活动：画一个包含四种要素的表格，并从你所在学校食堂中列出两例。这能帮助你将理论与日常环境联系起来。
7. Budgeting a Weekly Allowance | 每周零花钱预算
Mia receives £20 per week as pocket money. She must budget between snacks, mobile top-up, saving for a new game, and charity. Budgeting involves planning how to spend limited income. In economics, this is a micro decision illustrating scarcity and choice. Every pound spent on one item means forgoing another — again, opportunity cost.
米娅每周得到 20 英镑零花钱。她必须在零食、手机充值、为新游戏存钱和慈善之间做预算。预算编制涉及计划如何花费有限的收入。在经济学中，这是一个说明稀缺性和选择的微观决策。每花在一件物品上的 1 英镑都意味着放弃另一件——也就是机会成本。
Case study: Mia’s monthly goal is to save £15 for a game costing £45. She can save £5 per week by cutting one cinema trip. Analyse the trade-off: one cinema trip per week versus saving for the game. A budget line can show possible combinations of cinema trips and savings. Economic thinking encourages weighing marginal benefits: is the last cinema trip really worth delaying the game by another week?
案例分析：米娅的月度目标是为一个标价 45 英镑的游戏存 15 英镑。她可以通过减少一次看电影每周存 5 英镑。分析权衡：每周看一次电影与为游戏存钱。预算线可以展示电影次数和储蓄的可能组合。经济思维鼓励权衡边际收益：最后一次看电影真的值得让游戏再多等一周吗？
Application: Create your own weekly budget for £15. Allocate funds to entertainment, snacks and savings. Then explain the opportunity cost of spending half on entertainment. This practical task mirrors real-life financial decision-making.
应用：为自己制定一个 15 英镑的每周预算。将资金分配给娱乐、零食和储蓄。然后解释将一半花在娱乐上的机会成本。这项实践任务反映了现实生活中的财务决策。
8. Specialisation in a Group Project | 小组项目中的专业化
Your class is asked to produce a presentation about renewable energy. In one group, everyone does a bit of everything — research, design, writing. In another group, students specialise: Anna researches, Ben designs slides, Chloe writes the script, and David rehearses the delivery. Specialisation means concentrating on a limited range of tasks to become more efficient and productive.
你们班被要求做一个关于可再生能源的展示。在一个小组里，每个人都做一点各种事——研究、设计、写作。在另一个小组里，学生们专业化：安娜研究，本设计幻灯片，克洛伊写稿，大卫排练演讲。专业化意味着集中于有限的任务范围，从而变得更高效和高产。
The specialised group finishes faster and produces a higher quality presentation. Trade emerges because each member relies on the others’ expertise. This mirrors how economies work: countries specialise in producing certain goods and then trade. The division of labour increases output per worker and lowers cost per unit.
专业化小组更快速地完成并做出了更高质量的展示。由于每个成员都依赖其他人的专长，分工便产生了贸易。这反映了经济体如何运行：国家专门生产某些商品然后进行贸易。劳动分工提高人均产出并降低单位成本。
Case question: In your group project, why might specialisation be limited if one member is absent? Discuss the risk of over-specialisation. This links to the real-world concept of interdependence.
案例问题：在你们的小组项目中，如果一位成员缺席，为什么专业化可能受限？讨论过度专业化的风险。这联系到现实世界的相互依存概念。
9. Economic Systems in a School Canteen | 学校食堂里的经济制度
How does your school canteen decide what to serve? Three pure economic systems exist: command, market and mixed. In a command system, the headteacher decides the menu and sets prices. In a market system, multiple independent stalls compete, and student spending votes determine the menu through demand. A mixed system might have a central canteen with some privately run options.
你们学校食堂如何决定供应什么？存在三种纯粹的经济制度：指令经济、市场经济和混合经济。在指令经济中，校长决定菜单和定价。在市场经济中，多个独立摊位竞争，学生的消费选择通过需求决定菜单。混合经济则可能有一个中央食堂同时带有一些私人经营的选项。
Analyse a real canteen: It most likely operates as a mixed economy. There is a main catering service (command element) but also a coffee cart run by a local business (market element). The advantages of a market include variety and quick response to tastes, while a command system ensures basic nutrition and affordability. Most countries use a mixed economy balancing state and private sector roles.
分析一个真实的食堂：它很可能以混合经济方式运作。有主餐饮服务（指令元素），但也有由当地企业经营的咖啡车（市场元素）。市场的优点包括多样性和对口味快速响应，而指令系统确保基本营养和可负担性。大多数国家使用混合经济，平衡国家和私营部门的角色。
Task: List three items in your canteen that are likely determined by student demand (market) and three that are fixed by school policy (command). Explain how this hybrid solves the basic economic problem.
任务：列出你们食堂中可能由学生需求（市场）决定的三样物品，以及由学校政策（指令）固定的三样物品。解释这种混合方式如何解决基本经济问题。
10. Price Changes and Incentives: A Sale Example | 价格变动与激励：一个促销例子
Prices act as signals and incentives. Suppose a stationery shop announces a ‘buy one get one half price’ sale on highlighters. The price incentive encourages consumers to buy more now. Meanwhile, the shop’s lower effective price aims to clear excess stock. This pricing strategy changes both consumer behaviour and producer decisions.
价格充当信号和激励。假设一家文具店宣布荧光笔“买一第二件半价”的促销。价格激励鼓励消费者现在购买更多。同时，商店较低的实际价格旨在清理过剩库存。这种定价策略改变了消费者行为和生产者决策。
Case: When a new gaming console is released, its initial price is high. Only hardcore fans buy. Over time, the price drops, enticing more price-sensitive buyers. This price skimming strategy uses price as an incentive to segment the market. Conversely, a supermarket reducing bread prices at the end of the day creates an incentive to sell otherwise wasted goods.
案例：新一代游戏机发布时，初始价格很高。只有铁杆粉丝购买。随着时间推移，价格下降，吸引更多对价格敏感的买家。这种撇脂定价策略使用价格作为细分市场的激励。反过来，超市在一天结束时降低面包价格，创造出售否则将浪费商品的激励。
Drill: A cinema charges £5 for afternoon shows and £8 for evening shows. Explain how this price difference acts as an incentive to spread demand more evenly. Identify the economic principle behind it (price discrimination/incentive).
演练：一家电影院下午场收费 5 英镑，晚场收费 8 英镑。解释这种价格差异如何作为一种激励来更均匀地分散需求。找出背后的经济学原理（价格歧视/激励）。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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