📚 Year 7 OCR Economics: Glossary Quick Reference Guide | 7 年级 OCR 经济：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 OCR Economics glossary – a quick reference guide designed to help you understand and remember the most important economic terms. Economics is the study of how people make choices when there is not enough of something to satisfy everyone’s wants. By learning these key words, you will build a strong foundation for all your future economics lessons. Use the simple memory tips, real-life examples, and clear explanations to master the vocabulary with confidence.
欢迎来到你的 7 年级 OCR 经济学词汇表——一份旨在帮助你理解和记住最重要经济术语的速记指南。经济学研究的是当没有足够的东西来满足每个人的欲望时，人们如何做出选择。通过学习这些关键词，你将为未来的所有经济学课程打下坚实的基础。利用简单的记忆提示、现实生活中的例子和清晰的解释，自信地掌握这些词汇。
1. Scarcity and Choice | 稀缺性与选择
Scarcity means that there are limited resources but unlimited wants. Because we cannot have everything, we must make choices. In economics, scarcity is the basic problem that forces us to decide how to use our time, money, and materials.
稀缺性意味着资源有限而欲望无限。因为我们无法拥有一切，所以我们必须做出选择。在经济学中，稀缺性是迫使我们决定如何使用时间、金钱和材料的基本问题。
Memory trick: Think of a pizza with only eight slices and ten hungry friends – not everyone can have a slice, so you must choose who gets one. This is scarcity in action.
记忆技巧：想象一个只有八块、却有十个饥饿朋友的比萨饼——不是每个人都能得到一块，所以你必须选择谁可以得到。这就是稀缺性在生活中的体现。
A choice is the decision we make when we face scarcity. Every choice involves giving up something else.
选择是我们在面对稀缺性时做出的决定。每一个选择都意味着放弃其他东西。
2. Needs and Wants | 需要与欲望
Needs are things we must have to survive, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing. Wants are things we would like to have but can live without, such as video games, designer trainers, or holidays abroad.
需要是我们生存所必需的东西，例如食物、水、住所和衣服。欲望是我们想要但离开也能生活的东西，比如电子游戏、名牌运动鞋或海外度假。
Quick tip: If you can survive safely without it for a month, it is probably a want, not a need. Water and a warm coat are needs; a cinema ticket is a want.
速记提示：如果你能安全地一个月没有某样东西，它很可能是一种欲望而非需要。水和保暖外套是需要；电影票是欲望。
In economics, distinguishing between needs and wants helps us understand how people prioritise spending when income is limited.
在经济学中，区分需要和欲望有助于我们理解人们在收入有限时如何安排支出的优先顺序。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are physical items that you can see, touch, and keep. Examples include books, apples, bicycles, and computers. Services are actions or activities that one person does for another, such as a haircut, a bus ride, or a music lesson. You cannot touch a service, but you benefit from it.
商品是你可以看到、触摸和保存的有形物品。例子包括书籍、苹果、自行车和电脑。服务是一个人替另一个人完成的行为或活动，例如理发、乘坐公交车或音乐课。你无法触摸服务，但你会从中受益。
Memory aid: Goods are ‘things’ (think of a box you can hold), while services are ‘experiences’ (think of something you feel or remember).
记忆辅助：商品是“物品”（想象一个你可以拿着的盒子），而服务是“体验”（想象你感受或记住的东西）。
Both goods and services satisfy people’s wants and needs, and that is why they are produced and traded in an economy.
商品和服务都能满足人们的欲望和需要，这就是它们在经济中被生产和交易的原因。
4. Producers and Consumers | 生产者与消费者
A producer is a person or a business that makes goods or provides services. For instance, a farmer who grows carrots is a producer, and a dentist who fills cavities provides a service. A consumer is a person who buys and uses goods and services to satisfy their needs and wants.
生产者是制造商品或提供服务的人或企业。例如，种胡萝卜的农民是生产者，补牙的牙医提供服务。消费者是购买和使用商品及服务来满足自己需要和欲望的人。
Everyone is a consumer because we all buy things like food, clothes, and entertainment. Even producers are consumers – a baker uses flour (goods) and electricity (a service) to make bread.
每个人都是消费者，因为我们都购买诸如食物、衣服和娱乐之类的东西。生产者也是消费者——面包师使用面粉（商品）和电（服务）来制作面包。
Key connection: Producers and consumers depend on each other. Producers need consumers to buy their output, and consumers need producers to supply what they want.
关键联系：生产者和消费者相互依赖。生产者需要消费者购买他们的产出，而消费者需要生产者提供他们想要的东西。
5. Supply and Demand | 供给与需求
Demand is how much of a good or service people are willing and able to buy at different prices. Supply is how much of a good or service producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices.
需求是指人们在不同价格下愿意并能够购买的商品或服务的数量。供给是指生产者在不同价格下愿意并能够提供销售的商品或服务的数量。
Simple rule: When the price of something rises, demand usually falls (people buy less), and supply usually rises (producers want to sell more). When the price falls, the opposite happens.
简单规律：当某物价格上涨时，需求通常下降（人们购买减少），而供给通常上升（生产者想卖更多）。当价格下降时，情况相反。
Imagine a new video game console: if the price is very high, fewer people demand it, but the company wants to supply many. If the price drops, more people demand it, and the shop may sell out quickly.
想象一台新的电子游戏机：如果价格很高，需求的人就少，但公司希望供应很多。如果价格下降，需求的人就增多，商店可能很快售罄。
6. Markets | 市场
A market is any place or system where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods, services, or resources. This does not have to be a physical place like a supermarket; it can also be online, like an app store or a second-hand website.
市场是买卖双方聚集在一起交换商品、服务或资源的任何场所或系统。这不一定是像超市那样的实体场所；它也可以是在线的，比如应用商店或二手网站。
In economics, we talk about markets in terms of what is being bought and sold. For example, the ‘labour market’ is where workers sell their time and skills, and employers buy labour.
在经济学中，我们根据买卖的东西来谈论市场。例如，“劳动市场”是工人出售自己的时间和技能、雇主购买劳动的地方。
Memory phrase: ‘Where buyers meet sellers’ – no matter the location or method, a market connects the two sides to set prices and trade.
记忆短语：“买卖双方相遇之处”——无论地点或方式如何，市场将双方连接起来确定价格并进行交易。
7. Price | 价格
Price is the amount of money a buyer pays and a seller receives for a single unit of a good or service. Prices give important signals in a market economy. A high price tells producers to make more of something, while a low price tells consumers that a product is cheaper and possibly more available.
价格是买方支付、卖方收取的单一单位商品或服务的货币金额。价格在市场经济中发出重要信号。高价告诉生产者多生产某物，而低价告诉消费者某产品更便宜且可能供应更充足。
Prices are determined by the interaction of supply and demand. When demand is high and supply is low, prices tend to rise. When many sellers compete and supply is high, prices tend to fall.
价格由供给和需求的相互作用决定。当需求高而供给低时，价格往往上涨。当许多卖家竞争且供给充足时，价格往往下跌。
Example: Tickets for a popular concert are usually expensive because demand is very high, but the number of seats (supply) is limited.
例子：热门音乐会的门票通常昂贵，因为需求非常高，但座位数量（供给）有限。
8. Money | 货币
Money is anything that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services. Today, money usually consists of coins, banknotes, and digital balances in bank accounts. Money has four key functions: it is a medium of exchange, a store of value, a unit of account, and a standard for deferred payment.
货币是任何被普遍接受作为商品和服务支付手段的东西。如今，货币通常包括硬币、纸币和银行账户中的数字余额。货币有四个关键功能：它是交换媒介、价值储藏、计价单位和延期支付标准。
Quick definitions: Medium of exchange – you can use money to buy things instead of swapping goods (barter). Store of value – you can save money today and still use it to buy things in the future. Unit of account – money lets you compare the value of different items by looking at their prices.
快速定义：交换媒介——你可以用钱买东西，而不是以物易物。价值储藏——你今天把钱存起来，将来仍然可以用它买东西。计价单位——通过看不同物品的价格，你可以用钱比较它们的价值。
Without money, we would have to barter, which is very inefficient because both sides need to want exactly what the other offers.
没有货币，我们就不得不以物易物，这非常低效，因为双方必须恰好需要对方提供的东西。
9. Budgeting | 预算
A budget is a plan for how to spend and save your money over a set period, such as a week or a month. Budgeting helps you make sure your spending does not exceed your income. Individuals, families, businesses, and governments all use budgets.
预算是一段时间（如一周或一个月）内如何花费和节省金钱的计划。预算有助于确保你的支出不超过收入。个人、家庭、企业和政府都使用预算。
A basic budget has two parts: income (money coming in) and expenditure (money going out). If income is greater than expenditure, you have a surplus. If expenditure is greater, you have a deficit.
基本预算有两部分：收入（进来的钱）和支出（出去的钱）。如果收入大于支出，你就有盈余。如果支出更大，你就有赤字。
Tip: Record all your pocket money, gifts, and small earnings as income, and list your wants and needs as planned expenditure – this is your first step into personal economics.
提示：把你所有的零用钱、礼物和小额收入记录为收入，并把你的欲望和需要列为计划支出——这是你进入个人经济学的第一步。
10. Saving and Spending | 储蓄与支出
Saving means setting aside a portion of your income for future use rather than spending it immediately. Spending is using your income to buy goods and services now. Both saving and spending are important – spending satisfies current wants, while saving helps you afford bigger purchases or deal with emergencies later.
储蓄意味着将一部分收入留作未来使用，而不是立即花掉。支出是现在用收入购买商品和服务。储蓄和支出都很重要——支出满足当前的欲望，而储蓄帮助你在以后买得起更贵的大件或应对紧急情况。
Why save? Imagine you want a new bike. By saving £5 a week, after ten weeks you will have £50. This is called deferred gratification – waiting for a larger reward instead of taking a smaller one straight away.
为什么储蓄？想象你想要一辆新自行车。每周存5英镑，十周后你会有50英镑。这叫作延迟满足——为了更大的回报而等待，而不是马上拿一个更小的回报。
Banks and building societies often pay interest on savings, so the money you keep in a savings account can grow over time. This encourages people to save more.
银行和建房互助协会通常会对储蓄支付利息，所以你存在储蓄账户里的钱会随着时间增长。这会鼓励人们多储蓄。
11. Economic Resources | 经济资源
Economic resources, also called factors of production, are the inputs used to produce goods and services. They are commonly grouped into four categories: land, labour, capital, and enterprise.
经济资源，又称生产要素，是用于生产商品和服务的投入。它们通常分为四类：土地、劳动、资本和企业家精神。
Land includes all natural resources – not just ground, but also water, minerals, forests, and sunshine. Labour is the human effort, both physical and mental, used in production. Capital refers to man-made tools, machinery, and buildings that help produce other goods (not money). Enterprise is the willingness to take risks to combine the other resources and create a business.
土地包括所有自然资源——不仅是地面，还包括水、矿产、森林和阳光。劳动是生产中用到的人力努力，包括体力和脑力。资本指有助于生产其他商品的人造工具、机器和建筑物（不是金钱）。企业家精神是冒险组合其他资源来创办企业的意愿。
Memory acronym: CELL – Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour. (Tip: Remember ‘capital’ in economics means physical tools, not money.)
记忆首字母缩略词：CELL——资本（Capital）、企业家精神（Enterprise）、土地（Land）、劳动（Labour）。（提示：记住经济学中的“资本”指实物工具，不是钱。）
12. Opportunity Cost | 机会成本
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that you give up when you make a choice. Every decision has an opportunity cost because choosing one thing means you cannot choose another that you also wanted.
机会成本是当你做出选择时，你所放弃的次优选项的价值。每个决定都有机会成本，因为选择一件事意味着你无法选择另一个你也想要的东西。
Example: You have £10 and a free afternoon. You can either go to the cinema (£10) or buy a new book (£10). If you choose the cinema, the opportunity cost is the enjoyment and knowledge you would have gained from reading the book.
例子：你有10英镑和一个空闲的下午。你可以去看电影（10英镑）或者买一本新书（10英镑）。如果你选择看电影，机会成本就是读书本可获得的知识和乐趣。
Opportunity cost is not always about money. If you spend an hour playing video games, the opportunity cost might be the hour you could have spent studying or playing football. Understanding opportunity cost helps you make better choices.
机会成本并不总是关于金钱。如果你花一小时玩电子游戏，机会成本可能是你本可以用来学习或踢足球的那一小时。理解机会成本有助于你做出更好的选择。
Key formula: Opportunity cost = value of next best alternative given up. Always ask yourself, ‘What am I giving up when I choose this?’
关键公式：机会成本 = 放弃的次优选项的价值。永远问自己：“当我选择这个时，我放弃了什么？”
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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