📚 Year 7 OCR Engineering: Quick Guide to Key Vocabulary Terms | Year 7 OCR 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering vocabulary early on gives you the confidence to describe, design, and evaluate like a real engineer. This guide covers essential Year 7 OCR Engineering terms, complete with memory tricks and clear, paired definitions. Whenever you come across a new term, read the English explanation first, then the Chinese – the side-by-side layout builds both subject knowledge and bilingual skill.
尽早掌握工程术语能让你像真正的工程师一样自信地去描述、设计和评估。本指南覆盖了Year 7 OCR工程的核心术语，配有记忆窍门和清晰的中英对照释义。每当你遇到新词，先读英文解释，再读中文——这种并排布局既能巩固学科知识，又能提升双语能力。
1. Forces and Loads | 力与载荷
Force – a push or pull acting on an object. To remember its meaning, think of the word ‘horse’; a horse pushes or pulls a cart, just as a force does to an object.
力 – 作用在物体上的推或拉。记忆时联想「horse（马）」；马推拉车的样子，正是力对物体的作用。
Load – the force or weight that is carried by a structure or part. A load can be static (permanent, like the weight of a roof) or dynamic (changing, like people walking on a bridge).
载荷 – 结构或零件所承受的力或重量。载荷可分为「静载」（恒久不变的，如屋顶自重）和「动载」（变化的，如行人在桥上走动）。
Tension – a pulling force that tries to stretch an object. Picture a tug-of-war rope being pulled from both ends – it is in tension.
拉伸力 – 试图拉长物体的拉力。想象被双方拉紧的拔河绳——它正承受着拉伸。
Compression – a pushing force that tries to shorten or squash an object. Think of pressing down on a spring or crushing a soda can.
压缩力 – 试图缩短或压扁物体的推力。联想下压弹簧或者踩扁易拉罐的情景。
Shear – a force that makes parts of a material slide past each other, like when you cut paper with scissors.
剪切力 – 使材料内部各部分相对滑动的力，比如用剪刀剪纸时产生的力。
2. Material Properties | 材料属性
Hardness – resistance of a material to being scratched or dented. Diamond is extremely hard; chalk is soft.
硬度 – 材料抵抗被刮伤或压出凹痕的能力。金刚石极硬，粉笔则很软。
Toughness – ability to absorb energy and bend without breaking. Steel is tough; glass is not (it is brittle). Remember: ‘tough like a bendy plastic ruler, hard like a ceramic plate’.
韧性 – 材料吸收能量并产生弯曲而不断裂的能力。钢富有韧性，玻璃则没有（它很脆）。记住：「韧性像可弯的塑料尺，硬度像陶瓷盘」。
Strength – the maximum stress a material can withstand before it breaks. ‘Tensile strength’ resists pulling; ‘compressive strength’ resists squashing.
强度 – 材料在断裂前能承受的最大应力。「抗拉强度」抵抗拉伸，「抗压强度」抵抗压缩。
Ductility – ability to be drawn into a thin wire. Copper is very ductile, which is why it is used for electrical wires.
延展性 – 被拉成细丝的能力。铜延展性极好，所以常用于电线。
Malleability – ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets. Aluminium foil is a classic example.
可锻性 – 被锤打或轧制成薄片的能力。铝箔就是典型的例子。
Elasticity – ability to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed. A rubber band is highly elastic.
弹性 – 被拉伸或压缩后恢复原状的能力。橡皮筋的弹性很强。
3. Simple Mechanisms: Levers and Linkages | 简单机构：杠杆与连杆
Lever – a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called the fulcrum. Levers make work easier by changing the size or direction of a force. The three classes of lever depend on the order of effort, fulcrum and load.
杠杆 – 一根可绕固定点（称为「支点」）转动的刚性杆。杠杆通过改变力的大小或方向使工作更轻松。根据施力点、支点和负载的顺序，杠杆分为三类。
Mechanical Advantage (MA) = Load ÷ Effort
MA tells you how many times a mechanism multiplies your input force. For an ideal lever with no friction, if the effort arm is twice the length of the load arm, MA = 2.
机械优势表示机构将你输入的力放大了多少倍。对于一个无摩擦的理想杠杆，如果施力臂是负载臂的两倍长，则机械优势为2。
Linkage – a system of rods or levers connected by pivots that transfers motion and force. Example: the parallel linkage used in a toolbox tray keeps the tray level as it opens.
连杆机构 – 由销轴连接的杆件或杠杆系统，可传递运动和力。例如工具箱托盘所用的平行连杆机构，能在打开时保持托盘水平。
4. Gears and Pulleys | 齿轮与滑轮
Gear – a toothed wheel that meshes with another to transmit rotary motion. A driver gear turns a driven gear. If the driver is small and the driven is large, speed decreases but torque (turning force) increases.
齿轮 – 带齿的轮子，与另一齿轮啮合来传递旋转运动。主动齿轮带动从动齿轮。若主动轮小、从动轮大，转速降低但扭矩（转动力）增大。
Gear ratio = number of teeth on driven gear ÷ number of teeth on driver gear. A ratio greater than 1 means output speed is slower than input.
齿比 = 从动齿轮齿数 ÷ 主动齿轮齿数。若比值大于1，则输出转速低于输入转速。
Pulley – a wheel with a groove that guides a rope or belt. A single fixed pulley changes the direction of a force; multiple pulleys in a block and tackle system give mechanical advantage.
滑轮 – 带有沟槽的轮子，用于引导绳索或皮带。单个定滑轮可改变力的方向；滑轮组（block and tackle）则能提供机械优势。
5. Structures and Stability | 结构体与稳定性
Structure – something that supports a load and resists forces. A bridge, a chair, and a mobile phone stand are all structures. Key elements include beams (horizontal supports), columns (vertical supports), and triangulation (using triangles to add rigidity).
结构体 – 支撑载荷并抵抗外力的物体。桥、椅子、手机支架都是结构体。关键元素包括梁（水平支撑）、柱（竖直支撑）和三角形结构（利用三角形增加刚性）。
Stability – how well a structure resists tipping over. Lowering the centre of gravity and widening the base improve stability. Visualise a double-decker bus: passengers stand on the lower deck, and the bus has a wide wheelbase, making it stable.
稳定性 – 结构抵抗翻倒的能力。降低重心并加宽底座可提高稳定性。想象双层巴士：乘客站在下层，轮距宽，因此巴士很稳。
Strut and Tie – In a frame structure, a strut is a member in compression, and a tie is in tension. To memorise: a ‘tie’ pulls (like a necktie that tightens), a ‘strut’ pushes (like a strut on a car bonnet holding it up).
压杆和拉杆 – 在框架结构中，压杆受压缩，拉杆受拉伸。记忆要点：「tie（拉杆）」拉紧（像拉紧的领带），「strut（压杆）」撑开（像汽车引擎盖的撑杆）。
6. The Design Process | 设计流程
Design brief – a clear statement that outlines the problem to be solved. It usually explains who the product is for and what it needs to do.
设计概要 – 清晰描述待解决问题的声明。通常会阐明产品的目标用户和功能需求。
Specification – a detailed list of criteria the final product must meet, often split into ‘essential’ and ‘desirable’ features. Acronyms like ACCESS FM (Aesthetics, Cost, Customer, Environment, Size, Safety, Function, Materials) help you build a full specification.
设计规格 – 详细列出最终产品必须满足的标准，常分为「基本要求」和「理想要求」。首字母缩略词如 ACCESS FM（美观、成本、用户、环境、尺寸、安全、功能、材料）可帮助你构建完整规格。
Prototype – a first working model used to test ideas. Prototypes do not need to be perfect; they are made to learn from and improve.
原型 – 用于测试想法的首个工作模型。原型不必完美；制作它是为了从中学习并改进。
Iterative design – a cycle of designing, testing, evaluating, and refining. Remember: ‘Fail early to succeed sooner.’
迭代设计 – 设计、测试、评估、优化的循环过程。记住：「早失败，早成功」。
7. Tools and Workshop Safety | 工具与车间安全
Try square – an L-shaped tool used for marking lines at 90° to an edge. Hacksaw – a fine-toothed saw for cutting metals. Coping saw – a U-framed saw for cutting curves in wood or plastic. File – a hardened steel tool with ridges used to smooth or shape materials.
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