📚 Year 7 OCR Philosophy: Key Vocabulary Quick-Memory Guide | 7年级 OCR 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Philosophy can feel like learning a new language, but once you master the key words, the big ideas become clear. This guide introduces the essential terms for Year 7 OCR Philosophy in a way that is easy to understand, remember, and apply. Each term comes with a simple English explanation, a matching Chinese translation, and clever memory prompts to make revision stick.
哲学有时候就像在学一门新的语言，可一旦你掌握了核心词汇，那些深刻的思想就会变得清晰易懂。这份为 7 年级 OCR 哲学准备的指南，用容易理解、记住和运用的方式介绍必学术语。每个术语都配有简明的英文解释、对应的中文翻译，还有巧妙的口诀帮助记忆，让复习更牢固。
1. What Is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Philosophy comes from the Greek words philo (love) and sophia (wisdom). It means the love of wisdom. Philosophers ask big questions about existence, knowledge, right and wrong, and how we should live.
哲学这个词来自希腊语的 philo（爱）和 sophia（智慧），意思是爱智慧。哲学家追问关于存在、知识、对错以及我们应当如何生活的大问题。
A quick way to remember: think of a filo pastry full of sweet, layered ideas — just like philosophy is full of layered questions.
记忆口诀：想象一块层层叠叠的酥皮点心（filo pastry），里面装满了甜蜜而丰富的内容——就像哲学中层层深入的问题。
2. Reason | 理性
Reason is the ability to think logically and draw conclusions from evidence or premises. In philosophy, reason is often seen as the main tool for discovering truth, rather than relying on emotions or senses alone.
理性是指进行逻辑思考、从证据或前提中得出结论的能力。在哲学中，理性常被视为发现真理的主要工具，而不是只依赖情感或感官。
Memory prompt: Reason Respects Rules. It follows a clear path, like a train on tracks.
记忆提示：理性尊重规则。它沿着清晰的路径走，就像火车走在铁轨上。
3. Argument | 论证
An argument in philosophy is not a shouting match. It is a set of statements where some (premises) are given to support another (the conclusion). A good argument is clear, logical, and well-supported.
哲学里的论证不是吵架。它是一组陈述，其中一些前提用来支持另一个结论。一个好的论证清晰、有逻辑、论据充足。
To build an argument, imagine a sandwich: the bread slices are the premises, and the filling is the conclusion. All parts must stick together.
要构建论证，想象一个三明治：面包片是前提，里面的馅料是结论。所有部分必须紧密贴合。
4. Premise and Conclusion | 前提与结论
A premise is a reason offered in support of a conclusion. The conclusion is the statement that the premises are meant to prove or support. For example: Premise 1: All humans are mortal. Premise 2: Socrates is human. Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
前提是用来支持结论的理由。结论是前提试图证明或支持的陈述。例如：前提1：所有人都会死。前提2：苏格拉底是人。结论：所以，苏格拉底会死。
Think of premises as stepping stones across a river; the conclusion is the far bank you reach.
把前提想象成过河的垫脚石；结论就是你到达的对岸。
5. Logic | 逻辑
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It examines the rules that make an argument valid or invalid. Philosophers use logic to avoid mistakes in thinking and to build strong arguments.
逻辑是研究正确推理的学问。它考察使论证有效或无效的规则。哲学家运用逻辑来避免思维错误，并构建强有力的论证。
Picture logic as a game with clear rules. If you break the rules, your move does not count — even if you want it to.
把逻辑想象成有明确规则的游戏。如果你违反了规则，你的那一步就不算数——哪怕你非常希望它算。
6. Ethics | 伦理学
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with questions about right and wrong, good and bad. It asks how we ought to live and what duties we have towards others.
伦理学是哲学的分支，处理关于对与错、善与恶的问题。它追问我们应当如何生活，以及我们对他人负有什么样的义务。
A memory hint: ethics and ethical both start with the same root, meaning ‘character’. Your character shows in the choices you make.
记忆提示：ethics 和 ethical 有相同的词根，意思是“品格”。你的品格体现在你所做的选择中。
7. Metaphysics | 形而上学
Metaphysics explores questions beyond the physical world, such as: What is real? Does God exist? What is the nature of time and space? It can feel abstract, but it tackles the most fundamental nature of reality.
形而上学探索超越物质世界的问题，比如：什么是真实的？上帝存在吗？时间和空间的本质是什么？它可能感觉抽象，但它探讨的是现实最根本的本质。
Use the word break-down: meta (beyond) + physics (the physical world). It goes beyond physics to ask the deepest ‘why’ questions.
用拆分法记忆：meta（超越）+ physics（物理世界）。它超越物理世界，追问最深刻的“为什么”问题。
8. Epistemology | 认识论
Epistemology is the theory of knowledge. It investigates what knowledge is, how we acquire it, and how we can be sure that what we believe is true. Key questions include: What is the difference between belief and knowledge? Can we trust our senses?
认识论是知识论。它探究知识是什么、我们如何获得知识，以及我们如何确定自己所相信的是真实的。核心问题包括：信念和知识有什么区别？我们能相信自己的感官吗？
Remember: Epistemology asks, ‘Epic, how do I know?’ The word sounds like ‘a pistol’ — a tool for shooting down false claims.
记忆口诀：认识论（epistemology）在问：“史诗般的，我怎么知道？” 它的读音像是一把手枪——击穿虚假说法的工具。
9. The Socratic Method | 苏格拉底式方法
Named after the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates, this method uses a series of questions to help a person examine their own beliefs and uncover contradictions. It is a powerful tool for critical thinking and self-reflection.
这种以古希腊哲学家苏格拉底命名的方法，通过一系列问题帮助一个人审视自己的信念，并揭示其中的矛盾。它是进行批判性思考和自我反省的强大工具。
Visualize a detective gently peeling back layers of an onion. Each question removes a layer until the core truth is revealed.
想象一位侦探轻轻剥开洋葱的一层层外皮。每个问题剥去一层，直到核心真相显现出来。
10. Bias and Objectivity | 偏见与客观性
Bias is a tendency to favour one side unfairly, often based on personal feelings rather than evidence. Objectivity means looking at facts without letting personal opinions or emotions cloud judgment. Philosophy trains you to spot bias and strive for objectivity.
偏见是一种不公正地偏袒某一方的倾向，常常基于个人感受而非证据。客观性意味着着眼于事实，不让个人观点或情绪干扰判断。哲学训练你识别偏见，力求客观。
Think of a set of scales: bias is a heavy thumb pressing down on one side. Objectivity is balancing both sides with equal weight.
想象一架天平：偏见就像一只重重的拇指压在其中一边。客观性则是用相同的重量平衡两边。
11. Utilitarianism | 功利主义
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that says the best action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. It focuses on consequences rather than rules or intentions.
功利主义是一种伦理学理论，认为最好的行为是为最大数量的人带来最大幸福的行为。它关注后果，而不是规则或意图。
You can remember it as ‘utility’ + ‘happiness’. Think of a happiness calculator that adds up everyone’s well-being.
可以记为“效用”+“幸福”。想象一个幸福计算器，把每个人的幸福加总起来。
12. Dualism | 二元论
Dualism is the view that the mind and the body are two fundamentally different kinds of things. The mind is non-physical (thoughts, feelings), while the body is physical. This idea raises big questions about identity and consciousness.
二元论认为心灵和身体是两种根本不同的东西。心灵是非物质的（思想、感受），而身体是物质的。这种观点引发了关于同一性和意识的大问题。
Imagine two separate rooms: one for your physical body (flesh and bone) and one for your mind (thoughts and dreams). They communicate but are not the same room.
想象两个分开的房间：一间放你的身体（血肉骨骼），另一间放你的心灵（思想和梦想）。它们相互沟通，但并不是同一个房间。
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