📚 Year 7 OCR Politics: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 OCR 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in political vocabulary is the first step to understanding how countries are run. In the Year 7 OCR Politics course, you will encounter terms that describe power, decision-making and the roles of citizens. This guide breaks down the essential terms, offers simple definitions and shares memory tricks to help you remember them quickly.
打好政治词汇的基础是理解国家如何运作的第一步。在七年级OCR政治课程中，你会遇到描述权力、决策和公民角色的术语。本指南分解了基本术语，提供简单的定义并分享记忆技巧，帮助你快速记住它们。
1. Democracy | 民主
Democracy is a system of government in which power lies with the people, who can vote to choose their leaders and influence laws.
民主是一种政府体系，权力属于人民，人民可以通过投票选择领导人并影响法律。
The word comes from the Greek ‘demos’ (people) and ‘kratos’ (rule) – literally ‘rule by the people’.
这个词来自希腊语“demos”（人民）和“kratos”（统治）——字面意思是“人民统治”。
In a representative democracy like the UK, citizens elect Members of Parliament (MPs) to make decisions on their behalf.
在像英国这样的代议制民主国家，公民选举议会议员（MPs）代表他们作出决定。
Memory tip: Think ‘demo’ as in demonstration – people coming together to show their power.
记忆技巧： 把“demo”想成“demonstration”（示威），人们聚集起来展示他们的力量。
2. Monarchy | 君主制
A monarchy is a form of government where a king, queen or emperor serves as the head of state, often for life and by hereditary succession.
君主制是一种政府形式，由国王、女王或皇帝担任国家元首，通常是终身且通过世袭继承。
In the United Kingdom, we have a constitutional monarchy – the monarch’s powers are limited by law and Parliament.
在英国，我们实行君主立宪制——君主的权力受法律和议会的限制。
The term comes from ‘mono’ (one) and ‘arch’ (ruler).
这个术语由“mono”（单一）和“arch”（统治者）组成。
Memory trick: ‘Mono’ means one – one ruler with a crown.
记忆窍门： “Mono”表示单一——一个戴王冠的统治者。
3. Government | 政府
The government is the group of people who run the country, make laws and manage public services. It is led by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.
政府是管理国家、制定法律和掌管公共服务的群体。它由首相和内阁领导。
In the UK, the government is formed by the political party that wins the most seats in a general election.
在英国，政府由在大选中赢得最多席位的政党组成。
Do not confuse ‘government’ with ‘Parliament’ – the government proposes laws, while Parliament debates and passes them.
不要混淆“政府”和“议会”——政府提议法律，而议会对其进行辩论和通过。
Memory tip: The government ‘governs’ day-to-day affairs, like a school’s leadership team.
记忆技巧： 政府“管理”日常事务，就像学校的领导团队。
4. Parliament | 议会
Parliament is the law-making body, made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarch.
议会是立法机构，由下议院、上议院和君主组成。
The House of Commons is elected by the public and is the more powerful chamber; the House of Lords is appointed and reviews legislation.
下议院由公众选举产生，权力更大；上议院是任命的，负责审查立法。
Parliament’s main jobs are to debate issues, check the work of the government and pass laws.
议会的主要工作是辩论议题、监督政府工作和通过法律。
Remember: ‘Parliament’ comes from the French ‘parler’ (to speak) – it is a place for speaking and debating.
牢记： “Parliament”源自法语“parler”（说话）——它是一个说话和辩论的地方。
5. Prime Minister | 首相
The Prime Minister (PM) is the head of the UK government. They lead the Cabinet, set government policy and represent the country at home and abroad.
首相是英国政府的首脑。他们领导内阁，制定政府政策，并在国内外代表国家。
The PM is usually the leader of the political party with the most MPs in the House of Commons.
首相通常是下议院中拥有最多议员的政党的领袖。
Key responsibilities include appointing ministers, chairing Cabinet meetings and answering questions in Parliament every Wednesday.
主要职责包括任命大臣、主持内阁会议以及每周三在议会回答质询。
Memory aid: Think ‘prime’ as first – the first minister among equals.
记忆辅助： 把“prime”想成“第一”——同侪中的第一大臣。
6. Election | 选举
An election is a formal process where citizens vote to choose their representatives. In the UK, general elections decide who will form the government.
选举是公民投票选出代表的正式过程。在英国，大选决定由谁组成政府。
Elections give people a voice; every eligible adult has the chance to participate and influence the country’s direction.
选举赋予人民发言权；每个合格的成年人都有机会参与并影响国家的方向。
General elections are usually held every five years, but can be called earlier under certain conditions.
大选通常每五年举行一次，但在特定条件下可以提前举行。
Memory tip: ‘Elect’ means to choose – just like electing a class representative.
记忆小贴士： “Elect”意为选择——就像选举班级代表一样。
7. Vote / Suffrage | 投票 / 选举权
A vote is an expression of choice in an election or decision. Suffrage is the right to vote in political elections.
投票是在选举或决策中表达选择的行为。选举权是在政治选举中投票的权利。
Universal suffrage means all adult citizens can vote, regardless of gender, race or wealth. In the UK, this was achieved gradually through reform acts.
普选权意味着所有成年公民都可以投票，不论性别、种族或财富。在英国，这是通过改革法案逐步实现的。
The secret ballot ensures that each person can vote privately without pressure.
无记名投票确保每个人能在没有压力的情况下私下投票。
Remember: ‘Suffrage’ sounds like ‘suffer’ – many people suffered for the right to vote.
牢记： “Suffrage”听起来像“suffer”（受苦）——许多人为了投票权而受苦。
8. Law | 法律
A law is a rule created and enforced by the government or state, which everyone must follow.
法律是由政府或国家制定并强制执行的规则，每个人都必须遵守。
Laws protect people’s safety, resolve disputes and maintain order. Breaking a law can lead to punishment such as a fine or imprisonment.
法律保护人们的安全，解决争议并维持秩序。违法可能导致罚款或监禁等惩罚。
In the UK, laws are proposed as Bills, debated in Parliament and, if approved, receive Royal Assent to become Acts of Parliament.
在英国，法律以法案形式提出，在议会辩论，如果获得批准，经御准成为议会法令。
Memory trick: A law is like the school’s code of conduct, but for the whole country.
记忆窍门： 法律就像学校的行为规范，但适用于整个国家。
9. Rights and Responsibilities | 权利与责任
Rights are legal, social or ethical freedoms to which individuals are entitled. Responsibilities are duties or tasks that citizens are expected to carry out.
权利是个人有权享有的法律、社会或道德自由。责任是公民应当履行的义务或任务。
Examples of rights include the right to education, free speech and a fair trial. Responsibilities include obeying the law, paying taxes and serving on a jury if called.
权利的例子包括受教育权、言论自由权和获得公平审判的权利。责任包括遵守法律、纳税以及在被传唤时担任陪审员。
Understanding the balance between rights and responsibilities is a core idea in citizenship education.
理解权利与责任之间的平衡是公民教育的核心理念。
Tip: ‘Rights’ are what you can expect; ‘responsibilities’ are what is expected of you.
提示： “权利”是你可以期待的东西；“责任”是对你的期待。
10. Citizenship | 公民身份
Citizenship means being a member of a particular country and having the rights, privileges and duties that come with it.
公民身份意味着成为一个特定国家的成员，并拥有随之而来的权利、特权和义务。
As a UK citizen, you can vote, work without a permit and receive a passport. Citizenship education helps young people become informed, active members of society.
作为英国公民，你可以投票、无需许可而工作并获得护照。公民教育帮助年轻人成为有见识、积极的社会成员。
Citizenship can be acquired by birth, descent or naturalization.
公民身份可以通过出生、血统或归化获得。
Memory link: ‘Citizen’ is like a ‘city-zen’ – someone who belongs to a city-state; hence belonging to a country.
记忆联想： “Citizen”像“city-zen”——属于城邦的人；进而属于一个国家。
11. Constitution | 宪法
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or rules according to which a state is governed. It defines how power is distributed and limits government authority.
宪法是一套根本原则或规则，国家据此进行治理。它定义了权力如何分配并限制了政府的权力。
The United Kingdom does not have a single written constitution; instead, it relies on statutes, conventions and court decisions.
英国没有单一的成文宪法；相反，它依赖于成文法、惯例和法院判决。
Even though it is uncodified, the UK constitution still protects key rights through documents like the Magna Carta and the Human Rights Act.
尽管是不成文宪法，英国宪法仍通过《大宪章》和《人权法案》等文件保护关键权利。
Remember: ‘Constitution’ relates to ‘constitute’ – what makes up the structure of government.
牢记： “Constitution”与“constitute”（构成）相关——什么构成了政府的架构。
12. Political Party | 政党
A political party is an organized group of people with similar political opinions and goals, who work together to get candidates elected and influence government policy.
政党是一群有相似政治观点和目标的人组成的组织，他们共同努力让候选人当选并影响政府政策。
The UK has several major parties, such as the Conservative Party, Labour Party and Liberal Democrats. Each party has a manifesto outlining its plans if elected.
英国有几个主要政党，如保守党、工党和自由民主党。每个政党都有一份宣言，概述当选后的计划。
Parties help simplify choices for voters and provide a platform for debate on national issues.
政党帮助简化选民的选择，并为国家议题的辩论提供平台。
Memory aid: A party is a ‘team’ aiming to win the election and run the government.
记忆辅助： 一个政党就是一个“团队”，旨在赢得选举并管理政府。
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