📚 Year 7 OCR Psychology: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 OCR 心理学：核心知识点梳理
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. In Year 7, you will begin to explore key topics such as memory, social influence, development and research methods. This article provides a clear revision of the essential knowledge you need for OCR Psychology.
心理学是一门研究心理与行为的科学。在七年级，你将开始探索记忆、社会影响、发展以及研究方法等关键主题。本文为你清晰梳理 OCR 心理学所需的核心知识点。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. It uses systematic methods to observe, describe, explain and predict how people think, feel and act. Psychologists work in many different areas, from clinical therapy to sports performance.
心理学被定义为对行为和心理过程的科学研究。它运用系统的方法来观察、描述、解释和预测人们的思考、感受和行动方式。心理学家的工作领域非常广泛，从临床治疗到运动表现提升。
Key branches include cognitive psychology (how we process information), social psychology (how we interact with others), developmental psychology (how we grow and change) and biological psychology (the role of the brain and body).
主要分支包括认知心理学（我们如何处理信息）、社会心理学（我们如何与他人互动）、发展心理学（我们如何成长变化）以及生物心理学（大脑和身体的作用）。
2. The Process of Memory | 记忆的过程
Memory is not just one single thing; it involves three key stages: encoding, storage and retrieval. Encoding is how information enters our memory system, often through our senses. If we pay attention, the information is converted into a form that can be stored.
记忆并非单一的过程，它包含三个关键阶段：编码、储存和提取。编码是信息进入记忆系统的方式，通常通过我们的感官。如果我们集中注意力，信息就会被转换成可以储存的形式。
Storage refers to holding on to the information over time. Retrieval is the ability to access that information when we need it – for example, recalling a friend’s name or an answer in a test. Each stage is vital for an effective memory.
储存是指将信息长期保留下来。提取则是在我们需要时调取信息的能力——例如，想起朋友的名字或考试中的答案。每个阶段对于有效记忆都至关重要。
3. Short-term and Long-term Memory | 短期记忆与长期记忆
Short-term memory (STM) is the temporary store for information we are currently thinking about. Research suggests STM can hold about 7 plus or minus 2 chunks of information (Miller, 1956) and lasts around 18 to 30 seconds without rehearsal.
短期记忆是我们当前正在思考的信息的暂时储存。研究表明，短期记忆大约可以容纳 7±2 个组块的信息（Miller, 1956），且在不进行复述的情况下只能持续约 18 到 30 秒。
Long-term memory (LTM) is the more permanent store. It has a potentially unlimited capacity and duration. Memories here can range from knowledge of facts (semantic memory) to personal experiences (episodic memory) and skills (procedural memory).
长期记忆则是更为持久的储存库。它的容量和持续时间在理论上都是无限的。这里的记忆可以涵盖事实知识（语义记忆）、个人经历（情景记忆）和技能（程序性记忆）。
4. The Multi-Store Model of Memory | 多存储记忆模型
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed the Multi-Store Model of Memory. It describes three separate stores: the sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory. Information flows between them through attention and rehearsal.
Atkinson 和 Shiffrin（1968）提出了多存储记忆模型。它描述了三个独立的储存库：感觉登记、短期记忆和长期记忆。信息通过注意和复述在它们之间流动。
The sensory register takes in a vast amount of information from the environment, but most of it fades quickly. If we pay attention, the information moves to STM. Through maintenance rehearsal (repeating it), information can then be transferred to LTM for long-term storage.
感觉登记从环境中接收大量信息，但大部分会迅速消退。如果我们加以注意，信息就会进入短期记忆。通过维持性复述（不断重复），信息随后可以被转入长期记忆以长期储存。
5. Why Do We Forget? | 我们为什么会遗忘？
Forgetting can happen at any stage of memory. One explanation is decay: memory traces fade over time if they are not used. Interference theory suggests that other memories disrupt retrieval, either by getting in the way of old information (retroactive interference) or new information (proactive interference).
遗忘可以在记忆的任何阶段发生。一种解释是衰退：如果记忆痕迹不被使用，就会随时间消逝。干扰理论则认为，其他记忆会扰乱提取过程，可能是新信息干扰了旧信息（倒摄干扰），也可能是旧信息干扰了新信息（前摄干扰）。
Retrieval failure occurs when the information is available in LTM but we cannot access it without the right cues. This is why sometimes we go into a room and forget why, only to remember when we return to where we thought of it – a phenomenon called context-dependent memory.
提取失败则是指信息在长期记忆中可用，但没有合适的线索就无法提取。这就是为什么有时我们走进房间却忘记要干什么，回到原来思考的地方又想起来了——这种现象被称为情境依赖记忆。
6. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Social influence looks at how other people affect our behaviour. Conformity is when we change our behaviour or opinions to match those of a group, even if we privately disagree. Solomon Asch (1951) demonstrated this by asking participants to judge the length of lines. When confederates gave the wrong answers, many participants conformed.
社会影响研究他人如何影响我们的行为。从众是指我们改变行为或观点以迎合群体，即使我们私下并不认同。Solomon Asch（1951）通过让参与者判断线条长度的实验证明了这一点。当同谋者给出错误答案时，许多参与者屈从了。
Obedience is following orders from an authority figure. Stanley Milgram (1963) conducted a famous experiment in which participants were told to give increasingly severe electric shocks to a learner. A high percentage obeyed the experimenter’s commands, even when they believed the shocks were harmful. This study highlights the power of authority.
服从是指听从权威人物的命令。Stanley Milgram（1963）进行了一项著名实验，参与者被要求对学习者施加逐渐增强的电击。即使他们相信电击是有害的，仍有很高比例的参与者服从了实验者的指令。这项研究凸显了权威的力量。
7. Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination | 刻板印象、偏见与歧视
A stereotype is a widely held but oversimplified belief about a particular group of people. For example, assuming all teenagers are lazy. Stereotypes can lead to prejudice, which is an attitude (usually negative) towards a group and its members based solely on their membership of that group.
刻板印象是对某一群体广泛持有但过于简化的看法。例如，认为所有青少年都很懒惰。刻板印象可能导致偏见，偏见是一种（通常是负面的）态度，仅仅基于群体成员身份对群体及其成员作出判断。
Discrimination is the behavioural expression of prejudice; it is acting differently towards someone because of the group they belong to. Studies show that even subtle forms of discrimination can affect people’s opportunities and wellbeing.
歧视是偏见的行为表现，即因某人所属群体而对其区别对待。研究表明，即使是微妙的歧视形式也会影响人们的机会和福祉。
8. Attachment in Development | 发展中的依恋关系
Attachment is the strong emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver. John Bowlby argued that attachment is an innate process that has survival value, as it keeps the infant close to the caregiver for protection and care.
依恋是指婴儿与其主要照顾者之间形成的强烈情感纽带。John Bowlby认为，依恋是一种与生俱来的行为，具有生存价值，因为它能让婴儿与照顾者保持亲近以获得保护和照顾。
Mary Ainsworth developed the “Strange Situation” procedure to observe attachment styles. She identified three main types: secure attachment (infant explores, shows distress when caregiver leaves but is happy on return), insecure-avoidant (infant ignores caregiver) and insecure-resistant (infant is clingy yet angry).
Mary Ainsworth 设计了“陌生情境”程序来观察依恋类型。她识别出三种主要类型：安全型依恋（婴儿会探索，当照顾者离开时表现出痛苦，但回来时高兴），不安全回避型（婴儿忽视照顾者）以及不安全抗拒型（婴儿既黏人又生气）。
9. Introduction to Research Methods | 研究方法入门
Psychologists use experiments to test cause-and-effect relationships. In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the independent variable (IV) to see its effect on the dependent variable (DV). All other variables must be controlled to ensure a fair test.
心理学家使用实验来检验因果关系。在实验中，研究者操纵自变量（IV），观察其对因变量（DV）的影响。所有其他变量都必须加以控制，以确保测试公平。
Other research methods include observations (watching behaviour in natural or controlled settings), questionnaires and interviews. Each method has strengths and weaknesses in terms of reliability, validity and ethical considerations.
其他研究方法包括观察法（在自然或控制环境中观察行为）、问卷法和访谈法。每种方法在信度、效度和伦理考量方面各有优缺点。
10. Ethical Considerations | 伦理考量
When conducting psychological research, it is essential to follow ethical guidelines to protect participants. Key principles include informed consent (participants must know what the study involves and agree to take part), the right to withdraw at any time, and confidentiality (keeping personal data private).
进行心理学研究时，必须遵守伦理准则以保护参与者。关键原则包括知情同意（参与者必须知道研究内容并同意参与）、随时退出的权利，以及保密（个人信息不公开）。
Researchers must also avoid causing physical or psychological harm and must debrief participants after the study, explaining the true purpose and dealing with any concerns. These rules exist because of past studies where participants were deceived or distressed.
研究者还必须避免造成身体或心理伤害，并在研究后对参与者进行事后解释，说明真实目的并处理任何疑虑。这些规定的存在是因为过去曾有参与者受到欺骗或感到痛苦的研究案例。
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