📚 Year 7 OCR Psychology: Quick Formula & Theorem Reference Handbook | Year 7 OCR 心理学：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your Year 7 OCR Psychology quick reference guide. This handbook compiles the essential formulas, laws, and key theoretical principles you need to master for your studies. From memory models to descriptive statistics, each entry is presented with clear explanations in both English and Chinese to support your learning and revision.
欢迎使用 Year 7 OCR 心理学速查手册。本手册汇编了你需要掌握的核心公式、定律与关键理论原则。从记忆模型到描述统计，每一条目都配有中英双语清晰解释，助你学习与复习。
1. The Multi-Store Model of Memory: Key Capacities and Durations | 记忆的多存储模型：关键容量与持续时间
The Multi-Store Model (MSM) was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). It describes memory as consisting of three distinct stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Information flows linearly from sensory memory to STM through attention, and from STM to LTM via rehearsal.
多存储模型（MSM）由阿特金森和希夫林于1968年提出。它将记忆描述为由三个不同的存储组成：感觉记忆、短期记忆（STM）和长期记忆（LTM）。信息通过注意从感觉记忆线性流入短期记忆，再通过复述从短期记忆进入长期记忆。
Sensory Memory: Duration is very brief – iconic (visual) memory lasts about 0.5 seconds, echoic (auditory) memory lasts 2-3 seconds. Capacity is vast, capturing almost all sensory input.
感觉记忆：持续时间极短——图像记忆（视觉）约持续0.5秒，声像记忆（听觉）持续2-3秒。容量巨大，几乎捕捉所有感官输入。
Short-Term Memory (STM): Duration around 18-30 seconds without rehearsal. Capacity is limited to about 7 ± 2 items (Miller, 1956). Encoding is mainly acoustic (by sound).
短期记忆（STM）：无复述时持续约18-30秒。容量有限，约为7 ± 2个项目（米勒，1956）。编码方式主要为声学编码（根据声音）。
Long-Term Memory (LTM): Duration potentially unlimited – can last a lifetime. Capacity is also considered unlimited. Encoding is mainly semantic (by meaning).
长期记忆（LTM）：持续时间可能无限——可维持一生。容量也被认为是无限的。编码方式主要为语义编码（根据意义）。
2. Miller’s Law: The Magical Number 7 ± 2 | 米勒定律：神奇数字7±2
Miller’s Law, introduced by George A. Miller in 1956, states that the average capacity of short-term memory is 7 ± 2 chunks of information. A chunk is a meaningful unit, such as a digit, letter, or word. This explains why telephone numbers are often around 7 digits long.
米勒定律由乔治·A·米勒于1956年提出，认为短期记忆的平均容量为7±2个信息组块。组块是有意义的单元，如一个数字、字母或单词。这解释了为什么电话号码通常约为7位数。
STM Capacity = 7 ± 2 chunks
短期记忆容量 = 7 ± 2 个组块
Chunking allows us to group separate pieces of information into a single meaningful unit, effectively expanding STM capacity. For example, the sequence ‘FBICIAUSA’ can be chunked as ‘FBI’, ‘CIA’, ‘USA’.
组块化使我们能够将分散的信息组合成单个有意义的单元，从而有效地扩展短期记忆的容量。例如，序列“FBICIAUSA”可组块为“FBI”、“CIA”、“USA”。
3. The Serial Position Effect: Primacy and Recency | 系列位置效应：首因与近因
The serial position effect describes how the position of an item in a list influences recall. The primacy effect refers to better recall of items at the beginning of a list, as they have been rehearsed and transferred to LTM. The recency effect refers to better recall of items at the end of a list, as they are still in STM.
系列位置效应描述了列表中项目的位置如何影响回忆。首因效应指列表开头项目回忆更好，因为它们经过了复述并进入了长期记忆。近因效应指列表末尾项目回忆更好，因为它们仍停留在短期记忆中。
Items in the middle of the list are typically recalled the worst. This dip is sometimes called the asymptote. Together, the primacy and recency effects form a U-shaped serial position curve.
列表中间的项目通常回忆最差。这一低谷有时被称为渐近线。首因效应和近因效应共同构成了U形的系列位置曲线。
Serial Position Curve = Primacy (LTM) + Recency (STM) + Middle Dip
系列位置曲线 = 首因（LTM） + 近因（STM） + 中间低谷
4. The Forgetting Curve: Ebbinghaus’s Equation of Retention | 遗忘曲线：艾宾浩斯的保持量公式
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885) studied memory using nonsense syllables and discovered that forgetting occurs rapidly at first, then levels off. The mathematical form is an exponential decay: R = e^(-t/S), where R is retention, t is time, and S is the strength of memory. At Year 7 level, you just need to know the shape of the curve: a steep drop followed by a plateau.
赫尔曼·艾宾浩斯（1885）使用无意义音节研究记忆，发现遗忘起初迅速发生，随后趋于平稳。其数学形式为指数衰减：R = e^(-t/S)，其中R为保持量，t为时间，S为记忆强度。在Year 7阶段，你只需知道曲线形状：陡降后进入平台期。
R = e^(-t/S)
保持量 R = e^(-t/S)
The forgetting curve shows that about 50% of learned material is lost within the first hour unless actively rehearsed. Regular review sessions can reset the curve and strengthen long-term retention.
遗忘曲线显示，除非积极复述，约50%的学习材料在第一个小时内就会丢失。定期复习可以重置曲线，增强长期保持。
5. Descriptive Statistics: Mean, Median, Mode, Range | 描述统计：平均数、中位数、众数、范围
Psychologists use descriptive statistics to summarise data. The three measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and mode. The range is a measure of dispersion.
心理学家使用描述统计来总结数据。三种集中趋势量数是平均数、中位数和众数。范围是离散程度的量数。
Mean: The arithmetic average, calculated by summing all scores and dividing by the number of scores.
平均数：算术平均值，通过将所有分数相加再除以分数个数计算。
Mean = Σx ÷ n
平均数 = Σx ÷ n
Median: The middle value when scores are arranged in order. If there is an even number of scores, the median is the average of the two middle numbers.
中位数：将分数按顺序排列后的中间值。如果分数个数为偶数，中位数为中间两个数的平均值。
Mode: The most frequently occurring score in a data set. A set can have one mode, more than one mode, or no mode at all.
众数：数据集中出现频率最高的分数。一个数据集可以有一个众数、多个众数或没有众数。
Range: The difference between the highest and lowest scores. It is quick to compute but highly sensitive to outliers.
范围：最高分与最低分之间的差值。计算快捷，但对异常值非常敏感。
Range = Highest score – Lowest score
范围 = 最高分 – 最低分
6. Quick-Reference Table of Formulas for Central Tendency and Dispersion | 集中趋势与离散程度公式速查表
Below is a summary table of the key descriptive statistics formulas you should memorise. The table presents each formula in both English and Chinese for quick revision.
下表汇总了你应记忆的关键描述统计公式。表格以中英双语列出每个公式，方便快速复习。
| Statistic (English) | English Formula | 统计量（中文） | 中文公式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Mean = Σx ÷ n | 平均数 | 平均数 = 总和 ÷ 个数 |
| Median | Middle value when sorted | 中位数 | 排序后的中间值 |
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