Year 7 OCR Psychology: Terminology & Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 OCR 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 7 OCR Psychology: Terminology & Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 OCR 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Welcome to your Year 7 OCR Psychology journey. Getting to grips with key terms early on is like collecting the right tools before building a house. This guide pairs every concept with brief, memorable explanations and quick memory tricks, so you can speak the language of psychology with confidence.

欢迎踏上 Year 7 OCR 心理学的学习之旅。尽早熟悉关键术语就像在盖房子前备齐工具。本指南为每个概念都配上简短易记的解释和巧妙的记忆窍门，让你能自信地讲出心理学的语言。

1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. Instead of just guessing why people act in certain ways, psychologists use experiments, observations and careful measurements to find real evidence.

心理学是关于心理和行为的科学研究。心理学家不是靠猜测人们为何做出某些行为，而是通过实验、观察和精确的测量来找到真实的证据。

The word ‘psychology’ comes from the Greek ‘psyche’ (mind or soul) and ‘logos’ (study). So literally, it means ‘the study of the mind’.

“心理学”一词来源于希腊语的“psyche”（心灵或灵魂）和“logos”（学问）。因此，它的字面意思就是“研究心灵的学问”。

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2. Key Brain Structures | 大脑的关键结构

The brain is like the body’s control centre. Three structures you need to remember are the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus and the amygdala. The prefrontal cortex helps with decision-making and personality; the hippocampus is vital for forming new memories; and the amygdala processes emotions like fear.

大脑就像身体的控制中心。你需要记住的三个结构是前额叶皮层、海马体和杏仁核。前额叶皮层帮助决策和塑造个性；海马体对形成新记忆至关重要；而杏仁核则处理恐惧等情绪。

A quick mnemonic: imagine a ‘PHP’ command — Prefrontal Hippocampus Amygdala — all running your mental software. ‘Prefrontal’ plans, ‘Hippocampus’ saves files, and ‘Amygdala’ fires alarms.

快速记忆法：想象一条“PHP”指令——前额叶（Prefrontal）海马体（Hippocampus）杏仁核（Amygdala）——共同运行你的心理软件。“前额叶”制定计划，“海马体”保存文件，“杏仁核”拉响警报。

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3. Memory: Encoding, Storage and Retrieval | 记忆：编码、存储与提取

Memory works through three stages: encoding, storage and retrieval. Encoding is turning what you see, hear or think into a form your brain can keep. Storage is holding that information over time. Retrieval is getting it back out when you need it, like finding a saved file on a computer.

记忆通过三个阶段运作：编码、存储和提取。编码就是把你的所见、所闻或所想转化成大脑能够保存的形式。存储就是历经时间依然把信息保存下来。提取就是当你需要时把信息取出来，就像在电脑上找到已保存的文件。

Think of encoding as typing a document, storage as clicking ‘save’, and retrieval as opening the document later. If you never saved, or cannot find the file, forgetting happens.

你可以把编码想象成打字输入一份文件，存储就是点击“保存”，提取则是后来打开文件。如果你从未保存，或者找不到文件，遗忘就发生了。

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4. Types of Memory: Sensory, Short-term and Long-term | 记忆的类型：感觉记忆、短时记忆和长时记忆

Sensory memory holds information from your senses for just a split second — like the afterimage of a sparkler. Short-term memory (STM) can hold roughly 7 items for about 15-30 seconds. Long-term memory (LTM) stores huge amounts of information for days, months or even a lifetime.

感觉记忆只把来自感官的信息保留一瞬间——就像仙女棒留下的余像。短时记忆可以保留大约 7 个项目，时长约为 15 到 30 秒。长时记忆则能将海量信息储存数天、数月甚至一辈子。

A simple phrase: ‘Sensory sizzles, STM fizzes, LTM lasts.’ Sensory memory is lightning-fast, short-term memory is your mental sticky note, and long-term memory is your brain’s library.

一个简单短语：“感觉一闪，短时冒泡，长时永存。”感觉记忆快如闪电，短时记忆是你的大脑便利贴，长时记忆则是你脑海中的图书馆。

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5. Forgetting and Recall | 遗忘与回忆

Forgetting is not simply losing information; it can happen because of decay, interference or retrieval failure. Decay means the memory trace fades over time if not used. Interference happens when old or new information gets mixed up. Retrieval failure is when the memory is there but you cannot access it — like knowing a word is on the tip of your tongue.

遗忘并非只是信息丢失，它可能是由消退、干扰或提取失败引起的。消退指记忆痕迹因未被使用而随时间淡化。干扰是指新旧信息彼此混淆。提取失败则是指记忆明明存在却无法读取——就像话到嘴边却说不出来。

Recall is bringing information to mind without cues (essay questions). Recognition is identifying information from options (multiple-choice questions). Recognition is often easier because the correct answer triggers your memory.

回忆就是不借助线索把信息从大脑中调取出来（如问答题）。再认则是从选项中识别出信息（如选择题）。再认通常更容易，因为正确答案会触发你的记忆。

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6. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development | 皮亚杰的认知发展理论

Jean Piaget believed children’s thinking develops through stages. Key terms include schema, assimilation, accommodation, object permanence and conservation. A schema is a mental framework that helps us organise information.

让·皮亚杰认为儿童的思维是分阶段发展的。关键术语包括图式、同化、顺应、物体恒存和守恒。图式就是帮助我们组织信息的心理框架。

Assimilation means fitting new information into existing schemas; accommodation means changing the schema to fit new information. For example, a child calls every four-legged animal ‘doggy’ (assimilation), then learns to separate ‘cat’ from ‘dog’ (accommodation).

同化指将新信息融入现有的图式中；顺应则是改变图式以适应新信息。比如，孩子把所有四条腿的动物都叫作“狗狗”（同化），后来学会把“猫”和“狗”区分开（顺应）。

Object permanence is knowing objects still exist even when out of sight. Conservation is understanding that quantity stays the same even if shape changes, like the same water in a tall glass and a wide bowl.

物体恒存是指知道物体即使不在视线中仍然存在。守恒则是理解虽然形状改变但数量不变，比如同样多的水在细高杯和宽碗里量是一样的。

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7. Research Methods Vocabulary | 研究方法词汇

Psychologists use research methods to test ideas. A hypothesis is a testable prediction, such as ‘pupils who sleep longer will score higher on memory tests’. The independent variable (IV) is what is changed, and the dependent variable (DV) is what is measured.

心理学家用研究方法来检验想法。假设是一个可检验的预测，比如“睡眠时间更长的小学生在记忆测试中得分更高”。自变量是研究者改变的因素，因变量是所测量的结果。

Common methods include observation (watching behaviour in natural or controlled settings), questionnaires (a set of written questions) and interviews (face-to-face or telephone question sessions). Each method has strengths and weaknesses in terms of realism and control.

常见方法包括观察法（在自然或受控环境中观察行为）、问卷法（一套书面问题）和访谈法（面对面或电话问答）。每种方法在真实性和控制性上各有利弊。

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8. Ethical Considerations | 伦理注意事项

Before any study, psychologists must follow ethical guidelines. Key terms include informed consent (participants agree after being told what will happen), right to withdraw (they can leave at any time), confidentiality (their data stays private) and protection from harm (no physical or psychological danger).

在任何研究开始之前，心理学家必须遵守伦理准则。关键术语包括知情同意（参与者了解情况后同意参加）、退出权（他们可以随时离开）、保密（其数据保持私密）以及保护免受伤害（没有身体或心理危险）。

Debriefing is also important: after the study, the researcher explains the true purpose and answers questions. This is especially needed if any deception was used.

事后解释也很重要：研究结束后，研究者需说明真实目的并回答问题。尤其当研究中使用了任何欺骗手段时，这一点必不可少。

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9. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从

Conformity is changing your behaviour or beliefs to fit in with a group, even if no one directly asks you to. Obedience is following a direct order from an authority figure. Both can explain why people sometimes do things they wouldn’t normally do.

从众指为了与群体保持一致而改变行为或信念，即便没有人直接要求你这样做。服从则是听从权威人物的直接命令。两者都可以解释为什么人们有时会做出平时不会做的事。

The bystander effect is another key term: the more people who are present during an emergency, the less likely any one person will help. Diffusion of responsibility means each person assumes someone else will take action.

旁观者效应是另一个关键术语：紧急事件中在场的人越多，单个人提供帮助的可能性反而越低。责任分散意味着每个人都认为别人会采取行动。

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10. Sensory Perception Quick Terms | 感觉与知觉速记术语

Sensation refers to the raw data your senses pick up, while perception is how your brain interprets that data. The absolute threshold is the smallest amount of a stimulus you can detect 50% of the time — like a single drop of lemon juice in a glass of water.

感觉指你的感官接受到的原始信息，而知觉则是大脑对这些信息的解读。绝对阈限是指你能在 50% 的时间里检测到的最小刺激量——就像一杯水里的一滴柠檬汁。

The difference threshold (or just noticeable difference) is the smallest change in a stimulus you can notice. Selective attention is focusing on one conversation at a noisy party while filtering out other noise.

差别阈限（也称最小可觉差）是你能够察觉到的刺激中的最小变化。选择性注意则是在嘈杂的聚会上专注于一段对话，同时过滤掉其他噪音。

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11. Mnemonic Table for Tricky Terms | 易混术语的助记表

The table below pulls together some of the most commonly mixed-up terms, along with simple images or phrases to lock them into your long-term memory. Use it for quick revision before a test.

下面的表格汇总了一些最易混淆的术语，并配上简单的画面或短语，帮助你把它们牢牢锁定在长时记忆中。考试前可用来快速复习。

Term (术语)	Short Meaning (简明含义)	Memory Hook (记忆钩子)
Assimilation (同化)	Fit new info into old schema.	‘Assimilation = Same old box’
Accommodation (顺应)	Change schema for new info.	‘Accommodation = Add new room’
Conformity (从众)	Going along with a group.	‘Conform = Clone form’
Obedience (服从)	Following orders from authority.	‘Obey-dience’
Conservation (守恒)	Same amount, different shape.	‘Conserve the quantity’
Bystander Effect (旁观者效应)	More people, less help.	‘By-stander = stands by’

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12. Quick Self-Check – Match the Term | 快速自测——术语配对

Read the English clue and see if you can recall the correct term before glancing at the answer. This retrieval practice makes your memory stronger.

阅读英文线索，并在查看答案前尝试回忆正确的术语。这样的提取练习会让你的记忆更牢固。

• Clue: A testable prediction in a study. (Answer: hypothesis)

  线索：研究中可检验的预测。（答案：假设）

• Clue: The brain structure that processes fear. (Answer: amygdala)

  线索：处理恐惧的大脑结构。（答案：杏仁核）

• Clue: Changing your schema to fit new information. (Answer: accommodation)

  线索：改变你的图式以适应新信息。（答案：顺应）

• Clue: Type of memory that lasts a lifetime. (Answer: long-term memory)

  线索：可以持续一生的记忆类型。（答案：长时记忆）

• Clue: The smallest change in a stimulus you can detect. (Answer: difference threshold / just noticeable difference)

  线索：你能察觉到的最小刺激变化。（答案：差别阈限 / 最小可觉差）

Check how many you got right — then teach the terms to a friend or family member to lock them in even deeper.

看看你做对了几题——然后把这些术语教给朋友或家人，这样记忆会更深。

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Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com

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