📚 Year 7 OCR Sociology: Key Terms & Memory Guide | Year 7 OCR 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 Sociology journey! Mastering the subject begins with understanding its special vocabulary. This guide presents essential OCR Sociology terms, each paired with a simple explanation and a quick memory tip to help you remember them long-term. Use these tricks to build a strong foundation for all future sociology learning.
欢迎踏上 Year 7 社会学之旅！学好这门课要从理解它的特殊词汇开始。本指南为你整理了 OCR 社会学核心术语，每个术语都配有简单解释和一个快速记忆窍门，帮助你长期牢固地掌握它们。用这些技巧为将来的所有社会学学习打下坚实基础吧。
1. Society & Culture: Key Words | 社会与文化：关键词
Society — A large group of people who live in the same territory and share a common culture and institutions. Memory tip: Say “society = social city” — imagine a city full of interactions.
社会 — 生活在同一片领土上、共享共同文化和制度的一大群人。速记： “社会 = 社交城市”，想象一座充满互动的城市。
Culture — The whole way of life of a society, including language, beliefs, customs, and material objects. Memory tip: Think “culture = cultivate” — like growing shared habits.
文化 — 一整个社会的生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗和物质物品。速记： “culture” 联想到 “cultivate（培养）”——就像培养共享的习惯。
Subculture — A smaller cultural group within a larger culture, with its own distinct norms and values. Memory tip: “Sub” means under or smaller; imagine a mini-culture inside the main culture.
亚文化 — 在更大文化内部的一个较小文化群体，拥有自己独特的规范与价值观。速记： “Sub” 意为下方或次要，想象主流文化里面的一个小文化。
Cultural capital — The knowledge, skills, and tastes that give a person advantages in society. Memory tip: Capital means wealth; cultural capital is like “cultural wealth” you inherit from family.
文化资本 — 给人带来社会优势的知识、技能和品味。速记： 资本就是财富，文化资本就像从家庭继承来的 “文化财富”。
2. Socialization: Learning to Fit In | 社会化：学会融入
Socialization — The lifelong process of learning the norms and values of one’s society. Memory tip: Break it down: “social-ization” = becoming social.
社会化 — 学习所在社会的规范与价值观的终身过程。速记： 拆开看：”social” + “ization” = 变得合群、社会化。
Primary socialization — Early learning in the family, teaching basic language, values, and behaviour. Memory tip: “Primary” means first — your first school is family.
初级社会化 — 在家庭中进行的早期学习，教授基本语言、价值观和行为。速记： “Primary” 就是第一，你的第一所学校是家庭。
Secondary socialization — Learning outside the family, through school, peer groups, and the media. Memory tip: “Secondary” comes second; after family, you learn from the wider world.
次级社会化 — 在家庭之外的学习，通过学校、同辈群体和媒体进行。速记： “Secondary” 排第二，在家庭之后，你从更广阔的世界学习。
Agents of socialization — The people and institutions that do the teaching: family, school, peers, media, religion. Memory tip: Think of “agents” as secret agents shaping your social behaviour.
社会化主体 — 实施教导的人与机构：家庭、学校、同辈、媒体、宗教。速记： 把 “agents” 想象成悄悄塑造你社会行为的特工。
3. Norms & Values: The Unwritten Rules | 规范与价值观：不成文的规则
Norms — The unwritten rules of behaviour that most people follow in a society. Memory tip: “Norms” sounds like “normal” — what is normally done.
规范 — 一个社会中大多数人都遵循的不成文行为规则。速记： “norms” 听起来像 “normal（正常的）”，就是通常的做法。
Values — Deeply held beliefs about what is right, good, and important. Memory tip: Values drive behaviour; think of a value as a “valued” treasure.
价值观 — 关于什么是正确、美好和重要的深层信念。速记： 价值观驱动行为；把 “value” 想象成珍贵的宝物。
Mores — Strong norms with moral significance; breaking them is seen as very wrong. Memory tip: “Mores” rhymes with “more laws” — these are the most serious rules.
民德 — 具有道德意义的强烈规范；违反它们被视为大错。速记： “Mores” 听起来像 “more laws（更多法律）”，是最严肃的规则。
Folkways — Everyday norms like polite greetings or table manners. Memory tip: “Folkways” = folk (people’s) everyday ways.
民俗 — 礼貌问候或餐桌礼仪之类的日常规范。速记： “Folkways” = 人们日常的习惯方式。
Sanctions — Rewards or punishments used to enforce norms. Memory tip: “Sanction” can mean approval or penalty; think of sanctions as the “stick and carrot” of society.
奖惩措施 — 用于执行规范的奖励或惩罚。速记： “Sanction” 既可表示认可，也可表示惩罚，想象成社会的 “大棒与胡萝卜”。
4. Social Roles & Status: Who Are You? | 社会角色与地位：你是谁？
Status — The social position a person holds. Memory tip: “Status” sounds like “state” — your place in the social state.
地位 — 一个人所拥有的社会位置。速记： “status” 听起来像 “state（状态）”，你在社会状态中的位置。
Ascribed status — A status given at birth, such as race or family background. Memory tip: “A” scribed = assigned; you don’t choose it.
先赋地位 — 出生时被赋予的地位，如种族或家庭背景。速记： “Ascribed” 中有 “scribed”，就像被写下来的，不是自己选的。
Achieved status — A status earned through effort, like being a student or athlete. Memory tip: “Achieved” = you achieve it through your own actions.
自致地位 — 通过努力赢得的地位，如学生或运动员。速记： “Achieved” = 你通过自身行动 “achieve（获得）” 的。
Role — The expected behaviour attached to a status. Memory tip: Like an actor’s role — you play your “student role” by studying.
角色 — 附着在某种地位上的被期待行为。速记： 就像演员的角色——你以学习来扮演 “学生角色”。
Role conflict — Clash between different roles, e.g., being a good student and a good friend at the same time. Memory tip: Conflict = fight; two roles fighting for your attention.
角色冲突 — 不同角色之间的冲突，例如同时做个好学生和好朋友。速记： 冲突 = 打架；两个角色在争夺你的注意力。
5. Institutions: The Building Blocks of Society | 制度：社会的基石
Social institution — An established system that meets society’s basic needs. Memory tip: Think of “institution” as a big, strong building that shapes social life.
社会制度 — 满足社会基本需求的一套稳定体系。速记： 把 “institution” 想象成一栋塑造社会生活的大楼。
Family — A social group connected by blood, marriage, or adoption; the key agent of primary socialization.
家庭 — 由血缘、婚姻或收养联系在一起的社会群体；初级社会化的关键主体。
Education — A formal system of teaching knowledge, skills, and norms. Memory tip: Education “e-duc-ates” — it leads you out of ignorance.
教育 — 传授知识、技能和规范的正规系统。速记： 拉丁词根 “educare” 意为把无知 “引领出来”。
Religion — A system of beliefs and practices about the sacred. Memory tip: From Latin “religare” = to bind together; it binds communities with shared beliefs.
宗教 — 关于神圣事物的信仰与实践体系。速记： 来自拉丁语 “religare（联结）”，用共同信仰联结社群。
Economy — The system of producing and distributing goods and services. Memory tip: “Eco” from Greek “oikos” (household) — managing the household of society.
经济 — 生产和分配商品与服务的系统。速记： “Eco” 来自希腊语 “oikos（家庭）”，管理社会的大家庭。
Government — The political institution that makes and enforces laws. Memory tip: “Govern” reminds of “steering” — it steers society.
政府 — 制定和执行法律的政治制度。速记： “Govern” 就像掌舵，引导社会前进。
6. Identity: Who Am I? | 身份认同：我是谁？
Identity — How individuals see and define themselves. Memory tip: “I-dentity” starts with “I” — it’s about your self-image.
身份认同 — 个人如何看待和定义自己。速记： “Identity” 里藏着 “I（我）”，关乎你的自我形象。
Personal identity — The unique characteristics that make you different from others. Memory tip: Personal = private, your personal fingerprint.
个人身份 — 使你与他人不同的独特特征。速记： Personal 就是私人的，你独有的指纹。
Social identity — The parts of your identity linked to group memberships, like being a student or a girl. Memory tip: Social = shared; it’s like wearing a team jersey.
社会身份 — 与群体成员资格相联系的身份部分，比如学生或女孩。速记： 社会身份就像穿着团队球衣。
Gender identity — One’s sense of being male, female, or another gender. Memory tip: Gender is not just biological; it’s how you feel and express yourself.
性别认同 — 一个人对自己是男性、女性或其他性别的感受。速记： 性别不仅是生理的，更是你的感受与表达方式。
Ethnic identity — Belonging to a group with shared culture, history, and ancestry. Memory tip: “Ethnic” sounds like “ethnicity” — think of roots and traditions.
族群认同 — 归属拥有共同文化、历史和祖先的群体。速记： “Ethnic” 让人联想到根与传统。
7. Diversity: Differences in Society | 多样性：社会中的差异
Diversity — The range of different cultures, identities, and lifestyles within a society. Memory tip: “Di-versity” = different varieties — like a garden with many flowers.
多样性 — 一个社会内部不同文化、身份和生活方式的共存。速记： “Diversity” 就像不同品种的花园，百花齐放。
Multiculturalism — A society in which several different cultures coexist, often encouraged and celebrated. Memory tip: “Multi” = many, “cultural” = cultures; many cultures living together.
多元文化主义 — 多种不同文化共存且常常受到鼓励和庆祝的社会。速记： “Multi” 多 + “culture” 文化 = 多种文化一起生活。
Stereotype — An oversimplified, fixed belief about a group of people. Memory tip: Remember “stereo” means solid (Greek “stereos”) — rigid, unchangeable image.
刻板印象 — 对一个群体的过度简化、固化的信念。速记： “Stereo” 来自希腊语 “stereos（坚硬的）”，如同僵硬的模板。
Prejudice — Pre-judging someone without knowing them personally. Memory tip: “Pre-” = before, “judge” = form opinion; forming opinion before facts.
偏见 — 在了解某人之前就对其预先判断。速记： “Pre” 前 + “judge” 判断，事实之前下判断。
Discrimination — Unfair treatment of people based on their group membership. Memory tip: To “discriminate” means to treat differently; think of an unjust selection.
歧视 — 基于群体身份对人进行不公平对待。速记： “Discriminate” 本意是区分，这里是不公正的区别对待。
8. Stratification: Layers of Society | 分层：社会的层级
Social stratification — The way society is divided into layers or strata based on factors like class, wealth, and power. Memory tip: “Strata” means layers; visualize a layered cake.
社会分层 — 社会基于阶级、财富和权力等因素被划分为不同层次的系统。速记： “Strata” 意为层，想象一个多层蛋糕。
Social class — A group of people sharing a similar economic position, often measured by occupation, income, and education.
社会阶级 — 拥有相似经济地位的一群人，通常由职业、收入和教育衡量。
Inequality — The unequal distribution of resources and opportunities. Memory tip: “Inequal” = not equal; think of a tilted scale.
不平等 — 资源与机会的不均匀分配。速记： “In” + “equal” = 不相等，想象倾斜的天平。
Life chances — The opportunities an individual has to access resources like healthcare, education, and good jobs.
生活机会 — 个人获得医疗、教育、好工作等资源的机会。
Social mobility — The movement of individuals or groups up or down the stratification system. Memory tip: “Mobility” as in mobile — moving up or down the social ladder.
社会流动 — 个人或群体在分层系统中的上下移动。速记： “Mobility” 联想到手机 mobile，在社会阶梯上移动。
9. Power & Control: Who’s in Charge? | 权力与控制：谁在掌权？
Power — The ability to make others do what you want, even against their will. Memory tip: Power often comes with authority — think of a captain steering a ship.
权力 — 让他人按照你的意愿行动的能力，哪怕违背他们的意志。速记： 权力常伴随权威，想想掌舵的船长。
Authority — Legitimate power accepted by people as right. Memory tip: Authority sounds like “author” — the one who writes the rules people accept.
权威 — 人们认为正当的合法性权力。速记： “Authority” 像 “author（作者）”，制定人们接受的规则的人。
Coercion — The use of force or threats to gain compliance. Memory tip: “Coerce” sounds like “force” — it is forceful persuasion.
强制 — 使用武力或威胁来获得服从。速记： “Coerce” 发音像 “force”，强力逼迫。
Ideology — A set of beliefs and ideas that justify a social system and the interests of dominant groups. Memory tip: “Ideo” = idea + “logy” = study; a system of ideas that shapes how we see power.
意识形态 — 一套为社会体系和统治阶级利益辩护的信念与观念。速记： “Ideo + logy” 观念体系，塑造我们对权力的看法。
10. Research Methods: How Sociologists Study Society | 研究方法：社会学家如何研究社会
Qualitative data — Descriptive, non-numerical data capturing meanings and experiences, e.g., interview answers. Memory tip: “Quality” data tells you about qualities and stories.
定性资料 — 描述性非数值资料，捕捉意义与体验，如访谈回答。速记： “Quality” 层面，告诉你质地与故事。
Quantitative data — Numerical data that can be counted and measured, e.g., statistics. Memory tip: “Quantity” = numbers; think of counting quantities.
定量资料 — 可计数和测量的数值资料，如统计数据。速记： “Quantity” 数量，想到数数字。
Survey — A set of questions used to collect data from many people. Memory tip: A survey “surveys” — it looks over a wide area to gather data.
问卷调查 — 用来从许多人那里收集数据的一组问题。速记： 调查就像用广角镜头扫视，收集广泛信息。
Interview — A one-to-one conversation where the researcher asks questions. Memory tip: “Inter-view” = exchange of views between two people.
访谈 — 研究者提问的一对一对话。速记： “Inter + view” 两人之间交换观点。
Observation — Watching and recording people’s behaviour in natural settings. Memory tip: Think of a quiet observer like a nature documentary camera.
观察 — 在自然情境中观看并记录人们的行为。速记： 像一个安静的观察者，如同自然纪录片的镜头。
11. Quick Memory Tricks: Mnemonics & Visuals | 速记技巧集锦
Use these general memory strategies to fix sociology terms firmly in your brain.
运用这些通用记忆策略，把社会学术语牢牢印在脑中。
| Trick / 技巧 | How to apply / 如何应用 | Example / 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| Acronym / 首字母缩写 | Take the first letters of a list and make a word. | FAMERS for institutions: Family, Army, Media, Education, Religion, State. |
| Visual imagery / 视觉联想 | Create a vivid mental picture linked to the term. | For “stratification”, picture a layered chocolate cake — each layer is a social class. |
| Story linking / 故事串联 | Weave several terms into a short story. | “A child (primary socialization) goes to school (secondary socialization). There she learns norms and values from teachers (agents)…” |
| Word roots / 词根法 | Break the term into Latin or Greek parts. | “Sociology” = “socius” (companion) + “logos” (study); study of companionship. |
| Rhyme & rhythm / 押韵节奏 | Turn the term into a rhyme or song. | “Norms are forms of behaviour; mores are the more-big law savers.” |
12. Final Tips & Everyday Practice | 临门一脚与日常练习
Sociology terms are all around you. When you watch a film, notice the family roles, the school rules, or the media messages — that’s real sociology! Keep a small notebook and write down one new term with its memory trick each day. Discuss these terms with friends or family; teaching someone else is one of the best ways to learn.
社会学术语无处不在。看电影时，注意家庭角色、学校规则或媒体信息——那就是真实的社会学！准备一个小本子，每天记录一个新术语及其记忆窍门。和朋友或家人讨论这些术语；把知识教给别人是最好的学习方法之一。
Remember: consistent, small steps build a huge vocabulary. Use the charts, pictures, and stories in this guide, and you will soon feel confident tackling any Year 7 OCR Sociology question.
记住：持续的小步伐能积累庞大的词汇量。利用本指南中的图表、图像和故事，你很快就能自信应对任何 Year 7 OCR 社会学问题。
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