📚 Year 7 SQA Art: Quick Reference Handbook of Essential Principles | SQA Year 7 艺术：基础原理速查手册
Art may not have scientific formulas, but it is built on a set of timeless principles that act like theorems – from the mathematics of perspective to the logic of colour mixing. This quick reference handbook gathers every key rule, ratio, and relationship you need for Year 7 SQA Art, explained clearly and paired with practical examples. Use it to strengthen your observational drawing, painting, and design work.
艺术或许没有科学公式，但它建立在一套经久不衰的原则之上，这些原则就像定理一样——从透视的数学原理到色彩混合的逻辑。这本速查手册汇集了 Year 7 SQA 艺术所需的所有关键规则、比例和关系，并以清晰的解释和实例加以说明。用它来提升你的观察绘画、色彩练习和设计创作。
1. The Colour Wheel Rule | 色轮法则
The traditional colour wheel organises hues into a circle showing relationships between primary (red, yellow, blue), secondary (orange, green, purple), and tertiary colours. It is the fundamental formula for mixing and harmonising colours.
传统的色轮将色调组织成一个圆圈，展示了原色（红、黄、蓝）、间色（橙、绿、紫）和复色之间的关系。这是调色与配色的基本公式。
- Primary colours cannot be made by mixing; they are the source of all other hues.
- 原色无法通过混合获得，它们是所有其他色调的来源。
- Secondary colours are made by mixing two primaries: red + yellow = orange, yellow + blue = green, blue + red = purple.
- 间色由两种原色混合而成：红+黄=橙，黄+蓝=绿，蓝+红=紫。
- Tertiary colours are made by mixing a primary with a neighbouring secondary, e.g. red-orange, yellow-green.
- 复色由某种原色与相邻的间色混合而成，例如橙红、黄绿。
Memorise the wheel order: Red, Red-Orange, Orange, Yellow-Orange, Yellow, Yellow-Green, Green, Blue-Green, Blue, Blue-Purple, Purple, Red-Purple. This sequence is your mixing map.
请记住色轮的顺序：红、橙红、橙、黄橙、黄、黄绿、绿、蓝绿、蓝、蓝紫、紫、红紫。这个顺序就是你的调色地图。
2. Complementary Colour Theorem | 互补色定理
Colours directly opposite each other on the colour wheel are complementary. When placed side by side, they create maximum contrast and visual vibration. When mixed together in equal amounts, they neutralise each other to produce a grey or brown.
色轮上直接相对的颜色互为补色。当它们并置时，能产生最强的对比和视觉跳动。当等量混合时，它们会互相抵消，产生灰色或棕色。
Key complementary pairs are: red ↔ green, blue ↔ orange, yellow ↔ purple. Use these to make a focal point pop or to naturally shade an object – adding a touch of green to red dulls its intensity for a realistic shadow.
关键的互补色对有：红 ↔ 绿、蓝 ↔ 橙、黄 ↔ 紫。可以用它们来突出焦点，或自然地给物体添加阴影——在红色中调入一点绿色，就能降低其鲜艳度，形成逼真的暗部。
3. Analogous Harmony Principle | 邻近调和原理
Analogous colours sit next to each other on the wheel, usually in groups of three. They create serene, comfortable designs because they share a common hue.
邻近色在色轮上彼此相邻，通常以三个为一组。它们能营造宁静、舒适的设计感，因为它们共享同一种底色。
An example trio: yellow, yellow-green, green. When painting a landscape, use analogous colours for soft transitions in grass and foliage. The rule is: one dominant colour, a second supporting colour, and a third as an accent.
例如这样的三色组合：黄、黄绿、绿。在绘制风景时，用邻近色来表现草地和树叶的柔和过渡。原则是：一种主色、一种辅助色、一种点缀色。
4. The Rule of Thirds Composition | 三分法构图规则
Divide your page into a 3×3 grid using two equally spaced horizontal lines and two vertical lines. The rule states that important elements should be placed along these lines or at their intersections, not dead centre.
用两条等距的水平线和两条等距的垂直线将画面分成 3×3 的网格。规则指出，重要的元素应该放置在这些线条上或交点处，而不是正中央。
This off-centre placement creates tension, movement, and interest. In a landscape, position the horizon on the upper or lower horizontal line; place a tree or figure on one of the vertical lines. The four intersection points are ‘power points’ for the focal subject.
这种偏离中心的布局能产生张力、动感和趣味。在风景画中，将地平线放在上方或下方的水平线上；把一棵树或人物放在某条垂线上。四个交点就是放置焦点主体的“能量点”。
5. Linear Perspective: Vanishing Point Theorem | 线性透视：消失点定理
One-point perspective uses a single vanishing point on the horizon line where all parallel lines recede and converge. It gives the illusion of depth on a flat surface.
一点透视使用地平线上的单个消失点，所有平行的线条都在远处汇聚于此。这在二维平面上创造出纵深感。
Step 1: draw a horizon line. Step 2: place a vanishing point. Step 3: draw a square or rectangle face-on. Step 4: connect its corners to the vanishing point to create orthogonal lines. Step 5: decide the depth by drawing a back face between the orthogonals.
步骤一：画一条地平线。步骤二：设置消失点。步骤三：正对着画一个正方形或长方形。步骤四：将它的各个角连接到消失点，形成纵向透视线。步骤五：在纵线之间画一个后面，确定深度。
Two-point perspective uses two vanishing points on the horizon. It is used when the object is rotated so no face is flat to the viewer. Both sets of parallel lines vanish to their own point, creating a realistic corner view.
两点透视使用地平线上的两个消失点。当物体旋转，没有任何一面正对观察者时就会用到它。两组平行线分别汇聚到各自的消失点，形成逼真的转角视图。
6. Proportion and the Golden Ratio | 比例与黄金比例
The golden ratio, approximately 1:1.618, appears in nature and classical art as an aesthetically pleasing proportion. In simpler terms for Year 7, the rule of proportionate scaling helps you draw objects in correct size relationships.
黄金比例大约是 1:1.618，它出现在自然界和古典艺术中，被认为具有美感。对 Year 7 来说，比例缩放的规则可以帮助你用正确的大小关系绘制物体。
When drawing a still life, measure one object’s height with your pencil at arm’s length, then compare it to the width or to another object. If a bottle is twice as tall as a cup in your viewfinder, you must draw it twice as tall on the paper. This constant measuring is your proportion theorem in practice.
画静物时，伸直手臂用铅笔测量物体的高度，然后将其与宽度或其他物体进行比较。如果取景器中的瓶子是杯子的两倍高，那么你在纸上画出的瓶子也必须是两倍高。这种持续的测量就是比例定理在实际中的运用。
7. Tonal Value Scale: Light Logic | 明度色阶：光影逻辑
A value scale is a gradual progression from pure white to pure black, usually divided into 5–9 steps. It is the formula for showing form and volume. Every object has a highlight, mid-tone, core shadow, reflected light, and cast shadow.
明度色阶是从纯白到纯黑的渐变序列，通常分为 5 到 9 个层次。它是表现形体与体积的公式。每个物体都有高光、中间调、明暗交界线、反光和投影。
When shading a sphere: 1. identify the light source, 2. leave the highlight white, 3. gradually darken the mid-tone, 4. make the core shadow the darkest area on the form, 5. add slightly lighter reflected light from the surface below, and 6. draw the cast shadow away from the light. Practise this five-step system daily.
给球体上调子时：1. 确认光源方向，2. 留白高光，3. 逐渐加深中间调，4. 将明暗交界线画为形体上最暗的区域，5. 添加来自底部表面略亮的反光，6. 画出远离光源的投影。每天练习这个五步法。
8. Mark-Making and Texture Principles | 笔触与质感原则
Texture in drawing is created by varying the pattern, pressure, and direction of marks. The theorem is: rough textures use irregular, dense marks; smooth textures use even, fine marks or blending.
绘画中的质感通过改变笔触的图案、力度和方向来创造。原理是：粗糙的质感使用不规则、密集的笔触；光滑的质感使用均匀、细腻的笔触或涂抹。
Techniques include hatching (parallel lines), cross-hatching (overlapping lines at an angle), stippling (dots), and scumbling (scribbled, circular marks). For tree bark, use strong vertical hatching; for glass, use smooth blended tones with sharp highlights.
技法包括排线（平行线条）、交叉排线（成角度重叠的线条）、点画（点）和乱线涂绘（随意旋转的笔触）。画树皮时，用有力的竖直排线；画玻璃时，用均匀渐变的色调并保留锋利的高光。
9. Warm and Cool Temperature Rule | 冷暖温度规则
Colours are classified as warm (reds, oranges, yellows) or cool (blues, greens, purples). Warm colours advance and appear to come forward; cool colours recede and push objects back. This temperature rule creates spatial depth without perspective lines.
颜色分为暖色（红、橙、黄）和冷色（蓝、绿、紫）。暖色前进，看起来向前突出；冷色后退，将物体推向远方。这条温度规则无需透视线就能营造空间纵深感。
In a landscape painting, use warm greens and ochres in the foreground and cool, bluish-greens in the distance. Atmospheric perspective also states that distant objects lose contrast and take on the colour of the sky.
在风景画中，前景使用偏暖的绿和黄褐，远处使用偏冷的蓝绿。空气透视还表明，远处的物体对比度减弱，并带上了天空的颜色。
10. The Elements and Principles Matrix | 元素与原理矩阵
The language of art has basic elements (line, shape, colour, value, texture, form, space) and principles (balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, unity) that govern how elements are used. Think of elements as ingredients and principles as the recipe.
艺术语言中有基本的元素（线条、形状、色彩、明暗、质感、形体、空间）和原则（平衡、对比、强调、动感、图案、节奏、统一性），它们支配着元素的使用方式。可以把元素视为食材，原则视为食谱。
Balance can be symmetrical (mirror image) or asymmetrical (different elements that still feel stable). Emphasis uses contrast, isolation, or placement to make one part stand out. Use this matrix to evaluate your own work or a famous painting – ask which elements are dominant and which principles are at play.
平衡可以是对称的（镜像效果），也可以是不对称的（不同元素但整体感觉稳定）。强调运用对比、孤立或位置来使某个部分突出。用这个矩阵来评价自己的作品或某幅名画——问问自己哪种元素占主导，哪些原则在起作用。
11. Quick Reference: Common Proportions for Human Figures | 速查：人体常见比例
For Year 7 sketches, the average adult human figure is about 7.5 heads tall. The halfway point of the body is the hip joint. The arms, when hanging, reach mid-thigh, and elbows align with the waist.
在 Year 7 的速写中，普通成人的身高大约为 7.5 个头长。身体的中点位于髋关节。手臂自然下垂时指尖大约在大腿中部，肘部与腰线齐平。
A face seen from the front follows the rule: eyes are halfway down the head; the bottom of the nose is halfway between eyes and chin; the mouth is halfway between nose and chin. The space between the eyes is about one eye width. Memorise these ratios to quickly block in a credible face.
正面脸部遵循这样的规则：眼睛位于头部的中线；鼻底在眼睛与下巴的二分之一处；嘴巴在鼻子与下巴的二分之一处。两眼间距大约是一只眼睛的宽度。记住这些比例，就能快速画出可信的脸部轮廓。
12. Colour Mixing Formulae for Tints, Shades, and Tones | 色彩混合公式：明调、暗调与灰调
A tint is created by adding white to a pure hue. A shade is made by adding black. A tone is produced by adding grey or the complementary colour. Use these formulae to avoid flat, unvaried colour.
明调由纯色调中加入白色产生。暗调由加入黑色产生。灰调由加入灰色或互补色产生。运用这些公式，避免色彩单调呆板。
Practical exercise: start with a middle blue. Mix a small amount of white into a portion to create three lighter tints. Mix a tiny bit of black into another portion to make three darker shades. Then mix orange (blue’s complement) bit by bit into the last portion to create a range of muted tones. Label each swatch with the formula used.
实践练习：取一种中等蓝色。在一部分中加入少量白色，调出三种较亮的明调。在另一部分中调入极少量黑色，做出三种较暗的暗调。然后在最后一部分中一点点地加入橙色（蓝色的补色），调出一系列柔和的灰调。给每个色样标注所用的混合公式。
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