📚 Year 7 SQA Business: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-memorisation Guide | 苏格兰SQA七年级商务：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering business vocabulary is the first step to success in SQA Year 7 Business. This guide breaks down the key terms using simple explanations, memory hooks, and paired English-Chinese sentences to help you learn faster.
掌握商务词汇是SQA七年级商务课程成功的第一步。本指南通过简单的解释、记忆挂钩和中英对照的句子，帮你快速掌握关键术语。
1. Why Build a Strong Business Vocabulary? | 为什么要构建扎实的商务词汇？
A solid grasp of terminology helps you understand exam questions, write accurate answers, and discuss real-world business ideas. Without knowing terms like ‘enterprise’ or ‘stakeholder’, you risk misinterpreting tasks.
扎实掌握术语有助于理解考题、写出准确答案并讨论真实商业构想。如果不了解‘企业’或‘利益相关者’等术语，容易误解题目要求。
Think of business vocabulary as a toolkit. Each word is a tool that lets you build arguments about profit, marketing and production.
把商务词汇视为一个工具箱。每一个词都是一个工具，帮助你构建关于利润、市场营销和生产的论点。
2. Needs and Wants | 需要与欲望
Needs are things you must have to survive, such as food, water and shelter. Wants are things you would like to have but can live without, like video games or designer clothes.
需要是你生存必须拥有的东西，如食物、水和住所。欲望是你想要但并非不可或缺的东西，比如电子游戏或名牌服装。
Memory tip: ‘Needs are life needs; wants are just wants you can drop.’
记忆窍门：‘需要是生活必需；欲望可以放弃。’
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are physical items you can touch, like a pencil, a sandwich or a bicycle. Services are actions performed by others, such as a haircut, a bus ride or a tutoring session.
商品是像铅笔、三明治或自行车这样的实物。服务是他人为你执行的活动，比如理发、乘坐公交车或辅导课程。
Tangible means touchable; intangible means you cannot hold them. Goods are tangible, services are intangible.
有形的即可触摸；无形的即抓不住。商品是有形的，服务是无形的。
4. Sectors of Industry | 产业部门
The primary sector involves extracting natural resources, e.g., farming, fishing, mining. The secondary sector turns raw materials into finished goods, e.g., car assembly, baking bread. The tertiary sector provides services, e.g., a shop, a school, a hospital.
第一产业涉及获取自然资源，如农业、渔业、矿业。第二产业将原材料转化为成品，如汽车装配、烤面包。第三产业提供服务，如商店、学校、医院。
Remember the three-word chain: Primary = raw, Secondary = make, Tertiary = serve.
记住三个词链：第一产业=原料，第二产业=制造，第三产业=服务。
5. Enterprise and Entrepreneurs | 企业精神与企业家
Enterprise is the ability to identify business opportunities and organise resources to take advantage of them. An entrepreneur is an individual who shows enterprise, often starting a new business and taking financial risks.
企业精神是指识别商业机会并组织资源加以利用的能力。企业家就是展现企业精神的个人，他们通常创办新企业并承担财务风险。
Think of ‘entre’ (enter) and ‘preneur’ (taker) – a person who enters a market and takes risks. Richard Branson is a famous entrepreneur.
联想‘entre’（进入）和‘preneur’（承担者）——进入市场并承担风险的人。理查德·布兰森是著名的企业家。
6. Business Aims and Objectives | 商业目的与目标
A business aim is a broad, long-term goal, such as becoming the market leader. Objectives are specific, measurable steps to achieve that aim, like ‘increase monthly sales by 10% within six months’.
商业目的是一项宽泛的长期目标，如成为市场领导者。目标则是实现该目的的具体、可衡量的步骤，如‘在六个月内将月销售额提高10%’。
SMART objectives are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound. This framework keeps targets realistic and trackable.
SMART目标是指具体的、可衡量的、可实现的、相关的、有时限的。这一框架使目标保持现实且可追踪。
7. The Marketing Mix (4Ps) | 市场营销组合（4P）
The marketing mix describes the four key decisions a business makes when marketing a product. Product: what you sell. Price: how much you charge. Place: where and how it reaches customers. Promotion: how you communicate with customers.
市场营销组合描述了企业在营销产品时所做的四项关键决策。产品：你卖什么。价格：你收多少钱。渠道：产品如何送到顾客手中。促销：你如何与顾客沟通。
All four start with ‘P’ – Product, Price, Place, Promotion. Think of them as the four pillars of any sales strategy.
四项都以‘P’开头——产品、价格、渠道、促销。把它们想象成任何销售策略的四大支柱。
8. Revenue, Costs and Profit | 收入、成本和利润
Revenue is the income a business earns from selling goods or services. Costs are the expenses the business incurs, such as rent, wages and materials. Profit is what remains after subtracting total costs from total revenue.
收入是企业销售商品或服务所赚取的收入。成本是企业发生的开支，如租金、工资和材料。利润是从总收入中减去总成本后的剩余部分。
Profit = Total Revenue − Total Costs
利润 = 总收入 − 总成本
If a lemonade stand makes £50 in sales and spends £20 on lemons and sugar, profit is £30. This simple equation sits at the heart of all business finance.
如果一个柠檬水摊销售收入50英镑，花在柠檬和糖上20英镑，利润就是30英镑。这个简单的等式是所有企业财务的核心。
9. Stakeholders | 利益相关者
A stakeholder is anyone who is affected by or has an interest in a business’s activities. Internal stakeholders include owners and employees; external stakeholders include customers, suppliers, the local community and the government.
利益相关者指受企业活动影响或对其有兴趣的任何个人或群体。内部利益相关者包括业主和员工；外部利益相关者包括顾客、供应商、当地社区和政府。
Break the word: ‘stake’ means interest or share, ‘holder’ means someone who holds it. Different stakeholders often have conflicting interests – for example, owners want high profits while employees want high wages.
拆解单词：‘stake’指利益或份额，‘holder’指持有者。不同的利益相关者常有冲突——例如，业主希望高利润，而员工希望高工资。
10. Types of Business Ownership | 企业所有权类型
A sole trader is a business owned and run by one person, who keeps all profits but has unlimited liability for debts. A partnership is owned by two or more people sharing profits and risks, also with unlimited liability. A private limited company (Ltd) has a separate legal identity; owners have limited liability, meaning they can only lose the amount they invested.
个体经营户是由一个人拥有和经营的企业，享有全部利润，但对债务承担无限责任。合伙企业由两人或多人共有，分享利润和风险，同样承担无限责任。私人有限公司（Ltd）具有独立法人资格，业主承担有限责任，即他们最多只会损失投资金额。
‘Limited liability’ is a crucial shield – it means your personal assets (like your house or car) are protected if the business fails.
‘有限责任’是一个关键的保护盾——这意味着如果企业倒闭，你的个人资产（如房子或汽车）受到保护。
11. Sources of Finance | 融资来源
Businesses can raise finance internally – using retained profits (profits kept in the business) or selling unused assets. External finance includes bank loans (borrowing a fixed sum), overdrafts (using more money than in the bank account up to an agreed limit), and trade credit (buying now, paying suppliers later).
企业可以通过内部途径融资——使用留存利润（留在企业中的利润）或出售闲置资产。外部融资包括银行贷款（借入固定金额）、透支（在账户余额不足时按约定限额使用额外资金）以及商业信用（先购入，后付款给供应商）。
Visualise ‘overdraft’ as over-drafting a bank account – like pulling out more water than is in a bucket. Internal = inside the business, external = outside help.
想象‘透支’就是过度提取银行账户——就好像从水桶中取出比桶里还多的水。内部=企业内部的，外部=外部帮助。
12. Quick Memorisation Techniques for Business Terms | 商务术语速记技巧
Use association: link a term to an image or a funny story. For ‘overdraft’, imagine a bank account ‘over-drafting’ like overfilling a cup. Group terms into themes (finance, marketing, people). Create flashcards with the term on one side and the definition plus a Chinese translation on the other. Write your own sentences using the terms in a business scenario.
使用联想法：将术语联系到一幅图像或一个有趣的故事。比如‘透支’，想象银行账户像水杯满溢一样‘过度提取’。按主题（财务、营销、人员）给术语分组。制作闪卡，一面写术语，另一面写定义和中文翻译。用商务情景造句来使用这些术语。
Review English and Chinese pairs regularly; this builds bilingual thinking, which is very useful in international business. Consistent, short review sessions beat cramming the night before a test.
定期复习中英对照词条，这能培养双语思维，对国际商务非常有益。持续、短暂的复习比考试前一晚突击更有效。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
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