📚 Year 7 SQA Economics: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | SQA 7年级经济：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential vocabulary guide for Year 7 SQA Economics. Building a strong foundation in economic terminology will help you grasp key concepts more easily. This article presents each term with a clear English definition followed by its Chinese equivalent, so you can revise quickly and effectively.
欢迎阅读SQA 7年级经济学术语速记指南。打牢经济术语的基础，有助于你更轻松地理解关键概念。本文每个术语均提供清晰的英文定义和对应的中文解释，助你高效复习。
1. Scarcity and Choice | 稀缺性与选择
Scarcity is the basic economic problem that arises because people have unlimited wants but the resources available to satisfy them are limited. Scarcity forces individuals and societies to make choices about how to use their resources.
稀缺性是基本的经济问题，源于人们无限的欲望与有限的资源。稀缺性迫使个人和社会就如何使用资源做出选择。
Resources are the inputs used to produce goods and services, including natural resources, human labour, machinery, and entrepreneurship. Their limited nature creates scarcity.
资源是用于生产商品和服务的投入，包括自然资源、人力劳动、机器和企业家的才能。资源的有限性导致了稀缺。
Choice involves deciding between different alternatives because we cannot have everything we want. Every choice involves giving something up.
选择意味着在不同方案之间做出决定，因为我们无法拥有一切。每个选择都意味着放弃某些东西。
2. Needs and Wants | 需要与欲望
Needs are things that are essential for survival, such as food, water, shelter, clothing, and basic healthcare. Without them, life cannot be sustained.
需要是对生存至关重要的东西，例如食物、水、住所、衣物和基本医疗。没有它们，生命无法维系。
Wants are desires for goods and services that are not necessary for survival but give us satisfaction, like video games, designer clothes, or holidays abroad. Wants are unlimited.
欲望是对非生存必需的物品和服务的渴望，它们能带来满足感，比如电子游戏、名牌服装或出国度假。欲望是无限的。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are physical objects that can be touched and stored, such as a pencil, a sandwich, or a bicycle. They are tangible products that satisfy human wants.
商品是能够触摸和储存的实物，例如铅笔、三明治或自行车。它们是有形的产品，用于满足人们的欲望。
Services are intangible actions or activities provided by others, such as a haircut, a bus journey, or a lesson. They are consumed at the point of production and cannot be stored.
服务是由他人提供的无形行为或活动，例如理发、乘坐公交或上课。它们在提供的同时被消费，无法储存。
4. Supply and Demand | 供给与需求
Supply refers to the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices over a given period. Generally, the higher the price, the greater the quantity supplied.
供给指生产者在一定时期内，愿意并能够以不同价格提供出售的商品或服务的数量。通常，价格越高，供给量越大。
Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at different prices over a given period. Typically, as price falls, demand increases.
需求是消费者在一定时期内，愿意并能够以不同价格购买的商品或服务的数量。通常，价格下降，需求上升。
Equilibrium price is the price at which the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded. This is often called the market-clearing price because there is no surplus or shortage.
均衡价格是供给量与需求量相等时的价格。它常被称为市场出清价格，因为此时既没有过剩也没有短缺。
5. Market and Price | 市场与价格
A market is any situation where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods, services, or resources. This can be a physical place, like a local shop, or an online platform.
市场是买卖双方聚集在一起交换商品、服务或资源的任何场合。可以是实体场所，如当地商店，也可以是在线平台。
Price is the amount of money a buyer pays for a good or service. Prices act as signals in the economy, helping to allocate scarce resources by reflecting the relative scarcity of items.
价格是买者为商品或服务支付的货币数量。价格在经济中起信号作用，通过反映物品的相对稀缺性来帮助配置稀缺资源。
6. Money and Exchange | 货币与交换
Barter is the direct exchange of goods and services for other goods and services without using money. It requires a double coincidence of wants, which makes trade difficult.
物物交换是不使用货币，直接用商品和服务交换其他商品和服务的方式。它要求双方需求的巧合，使得交易困难。
Money is any item that is widely accepted as payment for goods and services. Its three main functions are: medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account.
货币是广泛接受作为商品和服务支付手段的任何物品。它有三个主要功能：交换媒介、价值储藏和计价单位。
Medium of exchange means money is accepted to buy goods and services, eliminating the need for barter. Store of value means money can be saved and used in the future. Unit of account means money provides a common measure for prices.
交换媒介指货币被接受用于购买商品和服务，消除了物物交换的需要。价值储藏指货币可以储存并在未来使用。计价单位指货币为价格提供了统一的衡量标准。
7. Factors of Production | 生产要素
Land includes all natural resources used in production, such as soil, water, forests, minerals, and energy sources. The reward for land is rent.
土地包括所有用于生产的自然资源，如土壤、水、森林、矿产和能源。土地的报酬是地租。
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