📚 Year 7 SQA French: Key Rules Quick Reference Handbook | SQA 七年级法语:关键规则速查手册
Welcome to your Year 7 SQA French quick reference! This handbook brings together the essential grammar rules and high-frequency structures you will meet in the first year of learning French. Think of it as your ‘formula sheet’ for building sentences – once you know these patterns, you can start communicating confidently on topics like family, school, hobbies and daily routine.
欢迎使用你的 SQA 七年级法语速查手册!这本手册汇集了你在法语学习第一年会遇到的核心语法规则和高频句型。把它当作你造句的“公式表”——一旦你掌握了这些模式,你就能自信地围绕家庭、学校、爱好和日常生活等主题进行交流。
1. Subject Pronouns | 人称代词
Subject pronouns tell you who is doing the action. You must learn these before you can use any verb.
人称代词告诉你动作是谁做的。在学习任何动词之前,你必须先掌握这些代词。
| French | English | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| je | I | 我 |
| tu | you (singular, informal) | 你 |
| il | he / it (masculine) | 他 / 它 (阳) |
| elle | she / it (feminine) | 她 / 它 (阴) |
| on | one / we (informal) | 人们 / 我们 (非正式) |
| nous | we | 我们 |
| vous | you (plural or formal) | 你们 / 您 |
| ils | they (masculine or mixed) | 他们 (阳或混合) |
| elles | they (feminine only) | 她们 (阴) |
The pronoun ‘on’ is very common in spoken French and often replaces ‘nous’. It always takes the same verb form as ‘il’/’elle’.
代词 ‘on’ 在法语口语中非常常见,经常代替 ‘nous’。它总是使用与 ‘il’/’elle’ 相同的动词形式。
2. The Verb Être (to be) | 动词 Être (是)
Être is the most important irregular verb. You must memorise it completely.
Être 是最重要的不规则动词,你必须完全记住它。
| Pronoun | Être | English |
|---|---|---|
| je | suis | I am |
| tu | es | you are (sing.) |
| il/elle/on | est | he/she/one is |
| nous | sommes | we are |
| vous | êtes | you are (pl./formal) |
| ils/elles | sont | they are |
Use être to describe people, feelings and jobs: ‘Je suis content.’ (I am happy.) ‘Elle est professeur.’ (She is a teacher.)
用 être 描述人物、感受和职业:’Je suis content.’ (我很开心。) ‘Elle est professeur.’ (她是老师。)
3. The Verb Avoir (to have) | 动词 Avoir (有)
Avoir is equally essential, and it is used in many expressions where English uses ‘to be’.
Avoir 同样重要,它用在许多英语用 ‘to be’ 的表达中。
| Pronoun | Avoir | English |
|---|---|---|
| j’ | ai | I have |
| tu | as | you have (sing.) |
| il/elle/on | a | he/she/one has |
| nous | avons | we have |
| vous | avez | you have (pl./formal) |
| ils/elles | ont | they have |
Key expressions: ‘J’ai douze ans.’ (I am twelve, literally ‘I have twelve years’); ‘Tu as faim?’ (Are you hungry?); ‘Il a soif.’ (He is thirsty).
关键表达:’J’ai douze ans.’ (我十二岁,字面意思“我有十二年”);’Tu as faim?’ (你饿了吗?);’Il a soif.’ (他渴了。)
4. Regular -ER Verbs Present Tense | 规则 -ER 动词现在时
About 80% of French verbs end in -er. Once you learn the pattern, you can conjugate hundreds of verbs.
大约 80% 的法语动词以 -er 结尾。一旦你掌握了变化规则,你就可以变位数百个动词。
Take the stem (infinitive without -er) and add these endings. Example: aimer (to love), stem = aim-
取词干(去掉 -er 的不定式)并加上以下词尾。例如:aimer (爱),词干 = aim-
| Pronoun | Ending | aimer | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| je | -e | j’aime | I love |
| tu | -es | tu aimes | you love |
| il/elle/on | -e | il aime | he loves |
| nous | -ons | nous aimons | we love |
| vous | -ez | vous aimez | you love |
| ils/elles | -ent | ils aiment | they love |
Common -ER verbs: parler (to speak), habiter (to live), regarder (to watch), jouer (to play), manger (to eat). Note: with ‘manger’, the nous form adds an -e: nous mangeons.
常见 -ER 动词:parler (说), habiter (住), regarder (看), jouer (玩), manger (吃)。注意:’manger’ 的 nous 形式要加 -e:nous mangeons。
5. Some Common -IR and -RE Verbs | 常见 -IR 和 -RE 动词
Not all verbs follow the -ER pattern. These high-frequency verbs are worth learning early.
并非所有动词都遵循 -ER 规则。以下高频动词值得尽早学习。
- finir (to finish): je finis, tu finis, il finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils finissent. Notice the -iss- in the plural.
- finir (完成):je finis, tu finis, il finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils finissent。注意复数中的 -iss-。
- choisir (to choose) works exactly like finir.
- choisir (选择) 的变化与 finir 完全相同。
- vendre (to sell): je vends, tu vends, il vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils vendent. The stem is vend-.
- vendre (卖):je vends, tu vends, il vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils vendent。词干为 vend-。
- attendre (to wait) follows the same pattern: j’attends, tu attends, il attend, nous attendons, vous attendez, ils attendent.
- attendre (等待) 遵循相同规则:j’attends, tu attends, il attend, nous attendons, vous attendez, ils attendent。
6. Articles: Definite, Indefinite, Partitive | 冠词:定冠词、不定冠词、部分冠词
Articles must agree in gender and number with the noun. French uses articles much more often than English.
冠词必须在性和数上与名词保持一致。法语使用冠词比英语频繁得多。
| Type | Masculine | Feminine | Plural (both genders) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Definite (the) | le / l’ | la / l’ | les |
| Indefinite (a, an, some) | un | une | des |
| Partitive (some, any) | du / de l’ | de la / de l’ | des |
The partitive article is used for uncountable things: ‘Je voudrais du pain.’ (I would like some bread.) After a negative, partitives and indefinites become ‘de’: ‘Je n’ai pas de frères.’ (I have no brothers.)
部分冠词用于不可数的事物:’Je voudrais du pain.’ (我想要一些面包。) 在否定之后,部分冠词和不定冠词变为 ‘de’:’Je n’ai pas de frères.’ (我没有兄弟。)
7. Adjective Agreement | 形容词配合
Most French adjectives change their form to match the gender and number of the noun they describe.
大多数法语形容词会根据它们所修饰的名词的性和数改变形式。
- Add -e for feminine: un garçon intelligent → une fille intelligente.
- 阴性加 -e:un garçon intelligent → une fille intelligente。
- Add -s for plural: les garçons intelligents, les filles intelligentes.
- 复数加 -s:les garçons intelligents, les filles intelligentes。
- Some adjectives double the final consonant before adding -e: bon → bonne, gros → grosse.
- 有些形容词在加 -e 前双写最后一个辅音:bon → bonne, gros → grosse。
- Adjectives ending in -eux change to -euse: heureux → heureuse (happy).
- 以 -eux 结尾的形容词变为 -euse:heureux → heureuse (幸福的)。
- Position: most adjectives come after the noun. Except the BAGS group: Beauty (beau), Age (jeune), Goodness (bon), Size (grand).
- 位置:大多数形容词放在名词之后,但 BAGS 组例外:Beauty (美), Age (年龄), Goodness (好), Size (大小)。
8. Possessive Adjectives | 主有形容词
These words show ownership and must agree with the noun, not the owner. Choose based on the gender of the thing owned.
这些词表示所属关系,必须与名词配合,而不是与物主配合。根据被拥有物品的性别来选择。
| English | Masculine noun | Feminine noun | Plural noun |
|---|---|---|---|
| my | mon | ma | mes |
| your (sing.) | ton | ta | tes |
| his/her/its | son | sa | ses |
| our | notre | notre | nos |
| your (pl.) | votre | votre | vos |
| their | leur | leur | leurs |
Before a vowel or mute ‘h’, use mon/ton/son even with feminine nouns: ‘mon amie’ (my friend, female).
在元音或哑音 ‘h’ 前,即使是阴性名词也用 mon/ton/son:’mon amie’ (我的女性朋友)。
9. Negation: ne … pas | 否定式:ne … pas
To make a sentence negative, place ‘ne’ (or n’) before the verb and ‘pas’ after the conjugated verb.
要把句子变成否定,在动词前放 ‘ne’ (或 n’) 并在变位动词后放 ‘pas’。
- Je suis anglais. → Je ne suis pas anglais.
- Je suis anglais. → Je ne suis pas anglais. (我不是英国人。)
- Il a un chien. → Il n’a pas de chien. (He doesn’t have a dog.) Note the change ‘un’ → ‘de’.
- Il a un chien. → Il n’a pas de chien. (他没有狗。) 注意 ‘un’ 变为 ‘de’。
- In spoken French, ‘ne’ is often dropped: ‘Je sais pas’ instead of ‘Je ne sais pas’.
- 在口语中,’ne’ 经常被省略:’Je sais pas’ 代替 ‘Je ne sais pas’。
10. Forming Questions | 构成疑问句
There are three main ways to ask a question in French, from informal to formal.
法语中有三种主要提问方式,从非正式到正式不等。
- Rising intonation (informal spoken): ‘Tu aimes le chocolat?’ Just make your voice go up at the end.
- 语调上扬 (非正式口语):’Tu aimes le chocolat?’ 只需在句尾提高音调。
- Est-ce que (standard): ‘Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat?’ Place ‘est-ce que’ before the statement.
- Est-ce que (标准):’Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat?’ 在陈述句前加上 ‘est-ce que’。
- Inversion (formal written): ‘Aimes-tu le chocolat?’ Swap the subject pronoun and verb, linked by a hyphen.
- 倒装 (正式书面):’Aimes-tu le chocolat?’ 将主语代词和动词互换,用连字符连接。
Question words: où (where), quand (when), pourquoi (why), comment (how), qui (who), que/qu’est-ce que (what).
疑问词:où (哪里), quand (何时), pourquoi (为什么), comment (怎样), qui (谁), que/qu’est-ce que (什么)。
11. Prepositions of Place | 地点介词
These small words tell you where something is. They are often followed by ‘de’ when combined with a noun phrase.
这些小词告诉你某物在哪里。它们与名词短语连用时常常后接 ‘de’。
- sur (on), sous (under), dans (in, inside), devant (in front of), derrière (behind), entre (between), à côté de (next to).
- sur (在…上面), sous (在…下面), dans (在…里面), devant (在…前面), derrière (在…后面), entre (在…之间), à côté de (在…旁边)。
- Examples: ‘Le livre est sur la table.’ (The book is on the table.) ‘Le chat est sous la chaise.’ (The cat is under the chair.)
- 例句:’Le livre est sur la table.’ (书在桌子上。) ‘Le chat est sous la chaise.’ (猫在椅子下。)
- With cities, use ‘à’: à Paris. With countries, use ‘en’ for feminine countries (en France) and ‘au’ for masculine countries (au Canada).
- 城市用 ‘à’:à Paris。国家:阴性国名用 ‘en’ (en France),阳性国名用 ‘au’ (au Canada)。
12. Telling Time and Numbers 1-60 | 时间和数字 1-60
You need numbers for time, age, and dates. Master 1-60 and the key phrases for telling time.
时间、年龄和日期都需要数字。掌握 1-60 以及报时的关键表达。
Numbers 1-20: un, deux, trois, quatre, cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf, dix, onze, douze, treize, quatorze, quinze, seize, dix-sept, dix-huit, dix-neuf, vingt.
数字 1-20:un, deux, trois, quatre, cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf, dix, onze, douze, treize, quatorze, quinze, seize, dix-sept, dix-huit, dix-neuf, vingt。
Tens: 30 trente, 40 quarante, 50 cinquante, 60 soixante. Combine: 21 = vingt et un, 31 = trente et un, but 22 = vingt-deux, 41 = quarante et un, 52 = cinquante-deux.
整十:30 trente, 40 quarante, 50 cinquante, 60 soixante。组合:21 = vingt et un, 31 = trente et un,但 22 = vingt-deux,41 = quarante et un,52 = cinquante-deux。
Time phrases: ‘Quelle heure est-il?’ (What time is it?) ‘Il est … heures.’ For ‘one o’clock’ use singular: ‘Il est une heure.’
时间表达:’Quelle heure est-il?’ (几点了?) ‘Il est … heures.’ 一点钟用单数:’Il est une heure.’
Key time expressions: et quart (quarter past), et demie (half past – only for ‘douze heures et demie’), moins le quart (quarter to).
关键时间短语:et quart (过一刻), et demie (过半 – 仅用于 ‘douze heures et demie’), moins le quart (差一刻)。
Published by TutorHao | French Revision Series | aleveler.com
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