📚 Year 7 SQA German: High-Frequency Topics and Common Mistakes | Year 7 SQA 德语：高频考点与易错题分析
In the SQA Year 7 German course, pupils build a solid foundation in listening, speaking, reading and writing. Exam questions regularly revisit a set of high-frequency topics that test core vocabulary, basic grammar and communication skills. Understanding these patterns — and where most learners stumble — can significantly boost performance. This article explores the most tested areas and analyses the common errors students make, providing clear examples and tips for improvement.
在 SQA Year 7 德语课程中，学生们会在听、说、读、写四个方面打下扎实的基础。考试题目常常围绕着一组高频话题，考查核心词汇、基础语法和交流能力。了解这些出题规律——以及大多数学习者容易出错的地方——可以显著提高成绩。本文梳理了最常考查的领域，分析学生常见的错误，并给出清晰的例句和改进建议。
1. Greetings and Self-Introductions | 日常问候与自我介绍
The very first exam section usually tests the ability to understand and produce basic greetings and personal introductions. Pupils are expected to recognise phrases like ‘Wie heißt du?’ (What is your name?) and ‘Ich heiße…’ (My name is…). A common mistake is the confusion between ‘heißen’ and the English ‘to be called’, leading to errors such as ‘Ich bin heiße’ instead of ‘Ich heiße’.
考试的第一部分通常考查理解和使用基本的问候语及自我介绍。要求学生能辨认诸如 ‘Wie heißt du?’（你叫什么名字？）和 ‘Ich heiße…’（我叫……）等表达。一个常见错误是将 ‘heißen’ 与英语的 ‘to be called’ 混淆，导致写出 ‘Ich bin heiße’ 而不是正确的 ‘Ich heiße’。
Another frequent issue is the incorrect word order in questions: ‘Du kommst woher?’ instead of ‘Woher kommst du?’ The question word must be placed at the beginning of the sentence. Pupils also forget to conjugate the verb for the ‘du’ form, producing ‘Wo wohnst du?’ correctly but then writing ‘Wo wohnen du?’ under pressure.
另一个常见问题是疑问句的词序错误：写出 ‘Du kommst woher?’ 而不是 ‘Woher kommst du?’。疑问词必须放在句首。学生们还会忘记为 ‘du’ 形式变位动词，虽然能正确写出 ‘Wo wohnst du?’（你住在哪里？），但在紧张时可能会写成 ‘Wo wohnen du?’。
Greetings related to time of day also appear: ‘Guten Morgen’, ‘Guten Tag’, ‘Guten Abend’. The mistake here is often spelling — writing ‘Guten Morgan’ instead of ‘Guten Morgen’ — or mixing up the appropriate greeting for the situation.
与一天中时间相关的问候语也会出现：’Guten Morgen’（早上好）、’Guten Tag’（你好）、’Guten Abend’（晚上好）。这里的错误通常是拼写问题——将 ‘Guten Morgen’ 写成 ‘Guten Morgan’——或是混淆不同场合下的合适问候语。
2. Numbers and Age | 数字与年龄
Numbers 1 to 31 are essential for stating dates, ages and prices. SQA Year 7 exams frequently ask pupils to understand telephone numbers or simple prices. A typical error is reversing the order of tens and units, for example saying ‘funfzehn’ for 15 instead of ‘fünfzehn’, or mixing up ‘sechzehn’ (16) and ‘sechzig’ (60). The pronunciation of ‘-ig’ and ‘-zehn’ endings can also cause listening mistakes.
数字 1 到 31 是表达日期、年龄和价格时所必需的。SQA Year 7 考试中经常要求理解电话号码或简单的价格。一个典型的错误是混淆十位和个位的顺序，例如将 15 的 ‘fünfzehn’ 说成 ‘funfzehn’，或者混淆 ‘sechzehn’（16）和 ‘sechzig’（60）。’-ig’ 和 ‘-zehn’ 结尾的发音也会造成听力上的失误。
When giving an age, the expression ‘Ich bin … Jahre alt’ is tested. Many learners omit the word ‘alt’ or use the wrong verb: ‘Ich habe zwölf Jahre’ instead of ‘Ich bin zwölf Jahre alt.’ The verb ‘sein’ (to be) must be used, not ‘haben’ (to have), unlike in English or French.
当表达年龄时，会考查 ‘Ich bin … Jahre alt’ 这个表达。许多学习者会漏掉 ‘alt’ 这个词，或者用错了动词：写成 ‘Ich habe zwölf Jahre’ 而不是 ‘Ich bin zwölf Jahre alt.’。必须使用动词 ‘sein’（是），而不是 ‘haben’（有），这与英语或法语不同。
3. Gender of Nouns: Definite and Indefinite Articles | 名词的性：定冠词与不定冠词
German nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. The correct definite article — der, die, das — is a high-frequency exam target. Common nouns like ‘der Tisch’ (table), ‘die Schule’ (school) and ‘das Buch’ (book) appear regularly. A persistent error is assuming the gender based on English or romance-language equivalents, leading to ‘die Buch’ instead of ‘das Buch’.
德语名词有三种性：阳性、阴性和中性。正确的定冠词——der、die、das——是高频考点。像 ‘der Tisch’（桌子）、’die Schule’（学校）和 ‘das Buch’（书）这样的常见名词经常出现。一个顽固的错误是根据英语或罗曼语族的对应词来推测词性，导致写出 ‘die Buch’ 而不是正确的 ‘das Buch’。
The indefinite articles ‘ein’, ‘eine’ also cause trouble, especially in sentences like ‘Das ist ein Hund’ (That is a dog) versus ‘Das ist eine Katze’ (That is a cat). Pupils often forget that the neuter and masculine indefinite article in the nominative case is ‘ein’, while feminine is ‘eine’. Mixing up ‘ein’ and ‘eine’ accounts for a large number of written mistakes.
不定冠词 ‘ein’、’eine’ 也会造成麻烦，尤其是在 ‘Das ist ein Hund’（那是一只狗）和 ‘Das ist eine Katze’（那是一只猫）这样的句子中。学生们常常忘记，中性及阳性名词在第一格中的不定冠词是 ‘ein’，而阴性是 ‘eine’。混淆 ‘ein’ 和 ‘eine’ 造成了大量的写作错误。
Learning the noun together with its article — and noting that ‘die’ can also be plural — is the most effective strategy. A classic blunder is treating ‘die Schüler’ (the pupils, plural) as a feminine singular.
把名词和它的冠词一起记忆——并注意 ‘die’ 也可以是复数——是最有效的策略。一个经典的错误是把 ‘die Schüler’（学生们，复数）当成阴性单数来处理。
4. Regular Verb Conjugation in the Present Tense | 规则动词现在时变位
The phrase ‘Wann spielst du Fußball?’ (When do you play football?) tests verb endings. Year 7 pupils are expected to conjugate regular verbs like spielen, kommen, wohnen, machen. The stem usually remains unchanged, and the endings -e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en are added. A frequent error is applying the -en ending to all persons: ‘ich spielen’ instead of ‘ich spiele’.
像 ‘Wann spielst du Fußball?’（你什么时候踢足球？）这样的句子考查动词词尾。Year 7 学生需要掌握规则动词的变位，例如 spielen、kommen、wohnen、machen。词干通常保持不变，然后加上词尾 -e、-st、-t、-en、-t、-en。一个常见错误是将 -en 词尾用于所有人称：写成 ‘ich spielen’ 而不是 ‘ich spiele’。
For the ‘du’ form, forgetting the -st ending is particularly common, especially with verbs whose stem ends in -s or -ß, like ‘heißen’. The correct form is ‘du heißt’ (not ‘du heißst’), but pupils often add an extra ‘s’. Similarly, verbs like ‘tanzen’ require ‘du tanzt’ rather than ‘du tanzst’.
对于 ‘du’ 形式，忘记 -st 词尾特别常见，尤其是那些词干以 -s 或 -ß 结尾的动词，比如 ‘heißen’。正确的形式是 ‘du heißt’（不是 ‘du heißst’），但学生们常常会多加一个 ‘s’。同样，像 ‘tanzen’ 这样的动词需要写成 ‘du tanzt’ 而不是 ‘du tanzst’。
Another stumbling block is the irregular stress on the stem in listening tasks; pupils may mishear ‘ich komme’ as ‘kommen’ because the ending -e is often spoken very softly in German.
另一个绊脚石是听力任务中词干的不规则重音；学生们可能会把 ‘ich komme’ 误听成 ‘kommen’，因为德语中词尾 -e 通常发音很轻。
5. The Verbs ‘sein’ and ‘haben’ | 动词 sein 和 haben
‘Sein’ (to be) and ‘haben’ (to have) are highly irregular and appear in nearly every exam. The forms ‘ich bin’, ‘du bist’, ‘er/sie/es ist’, ‘wir sind’, ‘ihr seid’, ‘sie/Sie sind’ must be memorised. The common mistake here is using ‘ist’ for ‘du’: ‘Du ist mein Freund’ is incorrect; it must be ‘Du bist mein Freund’.
‘sein’（是）和 ‘haben’（有）非常不规则，几乎会出现在每一次考试中。必须熟记 ‘ich bin’、’du bist’、’er/sie/es ist’、’wir sind’、’ihr seid’、’sie/Sie sind’ 这些形式。这里的常见错误是把 ‘ist’ 用于 ‘du’：’Du ist mein Freund’ 是错误的；必须是 ‘Du bist mein Freund’。
For ‘haben’, the forms are ‘ich habe’, ‘du hast’, ‘er/sie/es hat’, ‘wir haben’, ‘ihr habt’, ‘sie/Sie haben’. The omission of the ‘t’ in ‘er hat’ often leads to ‘er habt’ or the use of ‘hast’ for third person singular. In writing, students also confuse ‘hast’ and ‘hasst’ (to hate), though the latter is not usually expected at this level.
对于 ‘haben’，形式为 ‘ich habe’、’du hast’、’er/sie/es hat’、’wir haben’、’ihr habt’、’sie/Sie haben’。在 ‘er hat’ 中漏掉 ‘t’ 常常会导致写成 ‘er habt’，或者将 ‘hast’ 用在第三人称单数上。在写作中，学生们还会混淆 ‘hast’ 和 ‘hasst’（恨），尽管后者在这个阶段通常不作要求。
Questions like ‘Wie alt bist du?’ and ‘Hast du Geschwister?’ combine these verbs with other topic vocabulary, so a firm grasp of the conjugations is essential for forming correct answers.
诸如 ‘Wie alt bist du?’（你多大了？）和 ‘Hast du Geschwister?’（你有兄弟姐妹吗？）这样的问题将这些动词与其他话题词汇结合起来，因此牢固掌握变位对于形成正确的回答至关重要。
6. Question Words and Simple Questions | 疑问词与简单问句
Recognising and using ‘Wer?’ (who?), ‘Was?’ (what?), ‘Wo?’ (where?), ‘Wann?’ (when?), ‘Wie?’ (how?) and ‘Warum?’ (why?) is a core skill. In listening comprehension, pupils often misidentify ‘Wer?’ as ‘Where?’ because of the similarity to English. ‘Wo?’ actually means ‘where’, so this interference works both ways.
辨认和使用 ‘Wer?’（谁？）、’Was?’（什么？）、’Wo?’（哪里？）、’Wann?’（什么时候？）、’Wie?’（怎么样？）和 ‘Warum?’（为什么？）是一项核心技能。在听力理解中，学生常常因为与英语相似而把 ‘Wer?’ 误认为是 ‘Where?’。实际上 ‘Wo?’ 才表示 ‘where’，因此这种负迁移是双向的。
When forming a question, the verb must be in second position if there is a question word, e.g. ‘Wann beginnt der Film?’ (When does the film start?). A typical mistake is to place the verb immediately after the subject: ‘Wann der Film beginnt?’ This reflects the subordinate clause order, which is not yet taught but can creep in from exposure to more complex German.
在构建问句时，如果有疑问词，动词必须位于第二位，例如 ‘Wann beginnt der Film?’（电影什么时候开始？）。一个典型的错误是把动词紧跟在主语之后：’Wann der Film beginnt?’。这反映了从句的语序，虽然这个阶段还没学，但因为接触到更复杂的德语，有时会不自觉地冒出来。
In yes/no questions, the verb simply comes first: ‘Ist das dein Bleistift?’ (Is that your pencil?). Pupils occasionally forget this and produce ‘Das ist dein Bleistift?’ with a rising intonation, which is acceptable in spoken German but penalised in written exams.
在一般疑问句中，动词直接放在句首：’Ist das dein Bleistift?’（那是你的铅笔吗？）。学生们偶尔会忘记这一点，写出 ‘Das ist dein Bleistift?’ 并配上上升语调，这在口语中可以接受，但在书面考试中会被扣分。
7. Days, Months and Date Expressions | 星期、月份与日期表达
Days of the week and months are tested in reading tasks and short written exercises. Pupils regularly mix up ‘Dienstag’ (Tuesday) and ‘Donnerstag’ (Thursday) because they both start with ‘D’. ‘Mittwoch’ (Wednesday) is often misspelled as ‘Mitwoch’. Similarly, months like ‘Januar’ and ‘Februar’ cause spelling confusion.
星期几和月份会在阅读任务和简短的写作练习中进行考查。学生们经常混淆 ‘Dienstag’（星期二）和 ‘Donnerstag’（星期四），因为它们都以 ‘D’ 开头。’Mittwoch’（星期三）常常被误拼成 ‘Mitwoch’。同样，’Januar’（一月）和 ‘Februar’（二月）这样的月份也会造成拼写混淆。
For dates, the ordinal numbers are used: ‘Heute ist der erste Mai.’ (Today is the first of May.) The mistake here usually involves the article and the ending. Learners write ‘Heute ist erste Mai’ forgetting the article ‘der’, or they fail to make the adjective agree: ‘der dritten März’ instead of ‘der dritte März’. The ordinal for 1 is ‘erste’, for 3 is ‘dritte’, and so on, and these must be memorised.
日期会用到序数词：’Heute ist der erste Mai.’（今天是五月一日。）这里的错误通常涉及冠词和词尾。学习者们会写成 ‘Heute ist erste Mai’ 而漏掉冠词 ‘der’，或者没有让形容词保持一致：写成 ‘der dritten März’ 而不是 ‘der dritte März’。数字 1 的序数词是 ‘erste’，3 是 ‘dritte’，等等，这些都必须记住。
In listening tasks, pupils need to distinguish between similar-sounding numbers such as ‘dreizehn’ (13) and ‘dreißig’ (30) when a date or time is announced. This requires careful attention to the vowel length.
在听力任务中，当听到日期或时间时，学生需要区分发音相似的数字，例如 ‘dreizehn’（13）和 ‘dreißig’（30）。这需要仔细留意元音的长度。
8. Common Adjectives and Predicate Position | 常用形容词与谓语位置
Simple adjectives like ‘groß’ (big), ‘klein’ (small), ‘alt’ (old), ‘neu’ (new), ‘interessant’ (interesting) appear frequently in ‘Das Haus ist groß.’ type sentences. The most common error is adding unnecessary endings to adjectives when they are used after the verb ‘sein’, which is known as the predicate position. In German, predicate adjectives take no ending: ‘Das Auto ist neu.’ NOT ‘Das Auto ist neues.’
简单的形容词如 ‘groß’（大的）、’klein’（小的）、’alt’（旧的/老的）、’neu’（新的）、’interessant’（有趣的）经常出现在 ‘Das Haus ist groß.’ 这类句子中。最常见的错误是当形容词用在动词 ‘sein’ 之后（即谓语位置）时，给它加上不必要的词尾。在德语中，谓语形容词不加词尾：必须是 ‘Das Auto ist neu.’，而不是 ‘Das Auto ist neues.’。
However, when an adjective comes before a noun, it does take an ending, though full adjective declension is usually not a Year 7 requirement. Pupils may be exposed to simple attributive phrases, but they should know that the basic rule for ‘sein’-sentences is “no ending”. Many reading texts include phrases like ‘ein nettes Mädchen’, which can mislead pupils into thinking endings are needed everywhere.
然而，当形容词位于名词之前时，它确实需要加词尾，不过完整的形容词变格通常不是 Year 7 的要求。学生们可能会接触到简单的定语短语，但他们应该知道，对于 ‘sein’引导的句子，基本规则是“不加词尾”。许多阅读文本中包含像 ‘ein nettes Mädchen’（一个可爱的女孩）这样的短语，这可能会误导学生，以为到处都需要加词尾。
9. Tricky Pronunciations and Spelling Traps | 易混淆发音与拼写陷阱
German spelling is largely phonetic, but certain combinations cause persistent errors. The letter ‘ß’ (Eszett) is often confused with ‘B’ or simply replaced by ‘ss’, even in words where it is required, like ‘heißen’. Pupils write ‘heissen’ which, though accepted in Switzerland, is marked wrong in German standard orthography for exams.
德语的拼写基本上是根据发音来的，但有些字母组合会导致长期性的错误。字母 ‘ß’（Eszett）常常与 ‘B’ 混淆，或者被简单地替换为 ‘ss’，即使是在必须使用它的词中也是如此，比如 ‘heißen’。学生们会写成 ‘heissen’，虽然这在瑞士被接受，但在以德国标准正字法为准的考试中会被判错。
The combination ‘sch’ is pronounced like English ‘sh’, but many beginners spell it as ‘sh’, producing ‘shule’ instead of ‘Schule’. The ‘ch’ sound after ‘i’, ‘e’, ‘a’, ‘o’, ‘u’ also causes confusion; the soft ‘ich’-Laut and the hard ‘ach’-Laut are not distinguished, leading to pronunciation errors in the speaking exam.
字母组合 ‘sch’ 的发音类似于英语的 ‘sh’，但许多初学者把它拼写为 ‘sh’，写出 ‘shule’ 而不是 ‘Schule’。’ch’ 在 ‘i’、’e’ 与 ‘a’、’o’、’u’ 之后的发音也会造成混淆；柔软的 ‘ich’-Laut 和粗糙的 ‘ach’-Laut 没有区分开来，导致口语考试中出现发音错误。
Umlauts (a, o, u) are often ignored or miswritten as ae, oe, ue in contexts where the umlaut is required. Although ‘ae’ is an acceptable alternative in plain text, losing the two dots in handwritten exams without using the ‘e’ replacement is penalised. ‘Schuler’ instead of ‘Schuler’ changes the meaning completely.
变音符号（a, o, u）经常被忽略，或者在需要写变音的地方被误写成 ae、oe、ue。虽然在纯文本中 ‘ae’ 是一种可接受的替代方案，但在手写考试中，如果不加两点也不使用 ‘e’ 来替代，是会被扣分的。’Schuler’ 和 ‘Schuler’ 的意思完全不同。
10. Accusative Case Basics: Direct Objects | 格的变化：第四格（直接宾语）初步
Although case declension is only introduced lightly in Year 7, the accusative of masculine nouns is often tested implicitly. After verbs like ‘haben’, ‘sehen’, ‘finden’, the masculine article ‘der’ changes to ‘den’: ‘Ich habe einen Hund.’ (I have a dog.) The error most often seen is the use of ‘der’ or ‘ein’ with a masculine direct object: ‘Ich habe ein Hund’ or ‘Ich habe der Hund’.
虽然在 Year 7 中只是初步引入格的变化，但阳性名词的第四格常常会隐性考查。在动词 ‘haben’、’sehen’、’finden’ 之后，阳性冠词 ‘der’ 要变为 ‘den’：’Ich habe einen Hund.’（我有一只狗。）最常见的错误是对阳性直接宾语使用 ‘der’ 或 ‘ein’：’Ich habe ein Hund’ 或 ‘Ich habe der Hund’。
The feminine and neuter articles remain unchanged in the accusative: ‘die’ stays ‘die’, ‘das’ stays ‘das’. This inconsistency confuses pupils; they overgeneralise and change the feminine article too, writing ‘Ich habe eine Katze’ correctly but then hypercorrecting to something like ‘Ich habe einen Katze’.
阴性和中性的冠词在第四格中保持不变：’die’ 仍是 ‘die’，’das’ 仍是 ‘das’。这种不一致性让学生们感到困惑；他们会过度扩展规则，把阴性冠词也改了，虽然能正确写出 ‘Ich habe eine Katze’，但随后又矫枉过正，写出类似 ‘Ich habe einen Katze’ 的错误。
Personal pronouns are also affected: ‘ich’ → ‘mich’, ‘du’ → ‘dich’, ‘er’ → ‘ihn’. The question ‘Magst du den Film?’ (Do you like the film?) tests recognition of ‘den’ as the accusative masculine, a subtle but common comprehension point.
人称代词也会受到影响：’ich’ → ‘mich’，’du’ → ‘dich’，’er’ → ‘ihn’。问题 ‘Magst du den Film?’（你喜欢那部电影吗？）考查辨认 ‘den’ 作为阳性第四格的能力，这是一个微妙但常见的理解要点。
11. Prepositions ‘in’, ‘auf’ and Location Phrases | 介词 in、auf 与地点表达
Prepositions are essential for describing where things are or where one goes. The two most common are ‘in’ (in) and ‘auf’ (on). A frequent error is the direct translation from English: ‘Ich bin in der Schule’ is correct for ‘I am in (the) school’, but ‘Ich bin auf der Schule’ would mean ‘I am on top of the school building’. Pupils often use ‘auf’ for ‘at’ inappropriately.
介词对于描述物品的位置或去向至关重要。最常见的两个是 ‘in’（在……里面）和 ‘auf’（在……上面）。一个常见的错误是直接从英语直译：’Ich bin in der Schule’ 正确地表示 ‘I am in (the) school’，但 ‘Ich bin auf der Schule’ 则表示 ‘I am on top of the school building’。学生们常常不恰当地用 ‘auf’ 来表达 ‘at’。
The dative is used after these prepositions when describing location (where?), while the accusative is used for motion (where to?). At Year 7 level, the focus is mainly on location with the dative: ‘Das Buch liegt auf dem Tisch.’ (The book is on the table.) The masculine dative article ‘dem’ appears, and pupils often forget it, writing ‘auf der Tisch’ instead of ‘auf dem Tisch’.
当描述位置（在哪里？）时，这些介词后接第三格；而当描述运动（去哪里？）时，则接第四格。在 Year 7 阶段，重点主要在于接第三格表示位置：’Das Buch liegt auf dem Tisch.’（书在桌子上。）阳性的第三格冠词 ‘dem’ 会出现，学生们常常会忘记它，写出 ‘auf der Tisch’ 而不是 ‘auf dem Tisch’。
Common phrases like ‘im Bett’ (in bed, contraction of ‘in dem’) and ‘ins Kino’ (to the cinema, contraction of ‘in das’) appear in reading texts and are often misunderstood by learners who have not yet learned the contracted forms.
像 ‘im Bett’（在床上，是 ‘in dem’ 的缩合形式）和 ‘ins Kino’（去电影院，是 ‘in das’ 的缩合形式）这样的常用短语会出现在阅读文本中，没有学过缩合形式的学习者常常会理解错误。
12. Writing Conventions and Punctuation Pitfalls | 书写规范与标点易错点
German has a strict rule that nouns are capitalised. This is a major source of lost marks in writing tasks. Pupils frequently forget to capitalise common nouns like ‘schule’, ‘hund’, ‘buch’, writing them in lower case as in English. Even advanced beginners slip on this, and examiners look for consistent capitalisation.
德语有一条严格的规定：名词要大写。这是在写作任务中丢分的一个主要原因。学生们经常忘记将 ‘schule’、’hund’、’buch’ 这样的普通名词大写，像英语一样小写。即使是水平较高的初学者也会在这方面犯错，而考官会检查是否自始至终保持了大写。
Comma rules in German are different, but for Year 7 the main issue is speech marks. German uses „ … “ or » … « as quotation marks, though in handwriting simple ” … ” is accepted. However, in typed tasks, the lower/upper style must be observed. The misuse of the English apostrophe for possession is also an error: German does not use an apostrophe, so ‘Marias Buch’ is correct, not ‘Maria’s Buch’.
德语的逗号规则与英语不同，但对于 Year 7 来讲，主要问题是引号。德语使用 „ … “ 或 » … « 作为引号，不过在手写阶段，简单的 ” … ” 也是被接受的。然而，在电子版的任务中，必须遵守低位/高位的格式。误用英语中表示所属关系的撇号也是一个错误：德语不使用撇号，因此 ‘Marias Buch’ 是正确的，而不是 ‘Maria’s Buch’。
Finally, the correct use of ‘du’ versus ‘Sie’ in semi-formal tasks is sometimes assessed. Pupils should know that the informal ‘du’ is used with friends and family, and the formal ‘Sie’ with adults they do not know well, though deeply formal register is not demanded. The capitalisation of ‘Sie’ and the possessive ‘Ihr’ is essential; lowercase ‘sie’ means ‘she’ or ‘they’.
最后，在半正式的任务中，有时会考查 ‘du’ 和 ‘Sie’ 的正确使用。学生应该知道，非正式的 ‘du’ 用于朋友和家人，而正式的 ‘Sie’ 则用于不太熟悉的成年人，尽管并不要求掌握非常正式的语体。’Sie’ 和物主代词 ‘Ihr’ 的大写至关重要；小写的 ‘sie’ 表示 ‘她’ 或 ‘他们’。
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