📚 Year 7 SQA History: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | SQA 七年级历史：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key historical terms is like learning the alphabet of the past; it unlocks your understanding of events, sources, and the lives of people long ago. This quick-reference guide covers essential vocabulary for Year 7 SQA History – from time markers and evidence types to society, conflict, religion, and change. Each term is explained clearly in English and Chinese, with examples to help you remember them faster.
掌握关键历史术语就像学习过去的字母表；它能让你理解事件、史料和古人的生活。这本速记指南涵盖了SQA七年级历史的核心词汇——从时间标记和证据类型，到社会、冲突、宗教与变迁。每个术语都用英中双语清晰解释，并配有实例，帮助你更快记牢。
1. Time and Chronology | 时间与年代
BC (Before Christ) refers to the years before the traditional birth of Jesus Christ. For example, the building of the Great Pyramid of Giza was around 2560 BC. The larger the number, the further back in time.
BC（公元前）指耶稣基督传统诞生之前的年份。例如，吉萨大金字塔建于约公元前2560年。数字越大，时间越久远。
AD (Anno Domini) means ‘in the year of our Lord’ and refers to years after the birth of Christ. We are currently living in the AD era. There is no year zero; 1 BC is followed by AD 1.
AD（公元）意思是“主的年份”，指基督诞生之后的年份。我们正处于公元纪年。没有公元0年，公元前1年之后就是公元1年。
Century is a period of 100 years. The 12th century, for instance, runs from AD 1101 to 1200. To convert a year to a century, look at the hundreds digit and add one (e.g., 1492 is in the 15th century).
世纪是100年的时期。例如，12世纪是公元1101年至1200年。将年份转换为世纪时，看百位数字再加一（如1492年在15世纪）。
Decade means ten years. Historians often refer to ‘the 1960s’ to discuss events of that ten-year span. Shorter than a century, a decade helps us examine quicker changes.
十年指十年时间。历史学家常提“1960年代”来讨论那十年的历史。比世纪短，十年帮助我们考察较快的变化。
2. Sources and Evidence | 史料与证据
Source is any object or document from the past that gives us information. A diary, a castle ruin, a photograph, or a letter can all be sources. Historians ask questions about a source’s origin and purpose.
史料是提供信息的任何古代物品或文件。日记、城堡废墟、照片或信件都可以是史料。历史学家会追问史料的来源和目的。
Primary source comes directly from the time being studied, such as a soldier’s letter from the First World War or a medieval coin. It offers first-hand evidence but may be biased.
一手史料直接来自所研究的时代，比如第一次世界大战士兵的信件或中世纪硬币。它提供了第一手证据，但可能有偏见。
Secondary source is created after the time period, like a textbook or a documentary. It often gathers and interprets primary sources. For example, a 2025 book about the Jacobite risings is a secondary source.
二手史料是在事件发生之后创作的，比如教科书或纪录片。它常会汇集和解读一手史料。例如，一本2025年出版的关于詹姆斯党人起义的书是二手史料。
Artefact is a human-made object, often found by archaeologists. Pottery, tools, and jewellery are artefacts that help us understand daily life and technology.
人工制品是人造物品，常由考古学家发现。陶器、工具和首饰都是帮助我们了解日常生活和技术的人工制品。
3. Government and Power | 政府与权力
Monarchy is a system where a king or queen rules, usually passing power through family. Scotland had its own monarchy until the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Absolute monarchy means the ruler has total control.
君主制是指由国王或女王统治，通常通过家族继承权力。苏格兰在1603年王冠联合之前拥有自己的君主制。专制君主制意味着统治者拥有全部控制权。
Parliament is a group of representatives who help make laws and advise the monarch. The Scottish Parliament met in Edinburgh before the 1707 Act of Union. Today, Scotland has a devolved parliament.
议会是一群代表，协助制定法律并向君主提出建议。苏格兰议会在1707年《联合法案》之前在爱丁堡开会。今天，苏格兰拥有权力下放的议会。
Feudal system was a medieval social structure where the king gave land to nobles (lords) in exchange for loyalty and military service. Peasants worked the land for protection. It created a strict hierarchy.
封建制度是中世纪的社会结构，国王将土地赐予贵族（领主），以换取忠诚和军事服务。农民耕种土地以换取保护。这形成了严格的等级制度。
Clan is a Scottish Gaelic term for a family group with a shared surname and loyalty to a chief. Clans like the MacDonalds and Campbells were powerful in Highland history. The clan system was weakened after the Battle of Culloden.
氏族是苏格兰盖尔语术语，指拥有共同姓氏并效忠族长的家族群体。像麦克唐纳和坎贝尔这样的氏族在高地历史上很强大。卡洛登战役后，氏族制度被削弱。
4. Society and Daily Life | 社会与日常生活
Hierarchy is a system where people are ranked one above another. In medieval towns, merchants were above craftsmen, and craftsmen above labourers. The church also had a clear hierarchy with the pope at the top.
等级制度是一种人们按等级排列的制度。在中世纪城镇，商人高于工匠，工匠高于劳工。教会也有明确的等级，教皇居于顶层。
Serf was a peasant bound to the land under feudalism. Serfs were not slaves, but they could not leave the lord’s estate without permission. They farmed strips of land and paid dues.
农奴是封建制度下被束缚在土地上的农民。农奴不是奴隶，但未经领主允许不得离开庄园。他们种植条田并缴纳捐税。
Guild was an association of craftsmen or merchants that controlled training, quality, and prices. A young boy would become an apprentice, then a journeyman, before joining a guild as a master.
行会是控制培训、质量与价格的工匠或商人协会。一个男孩先当学徒，再做熟练工，最后以师傅身份加入行会。
Burgh is a Scottish term for a town with special trading rights, created by royal charter. Royal burghs like Edinburgh and Stirling could hold markets and elect their own councils.
自治市是苏格兰称法，指经皇家特许拥有特殊贸易权利的城镇。像爱丁堡和斯特灵这样的皇家自治市可以举办集市并选举自己的议会。
5. Conflict and
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