📚 Year 7 SQA Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 7 SQA 音乐：公式定理速查手册
This handbook presents the essential ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’ of Year 7 SQA Music theory, providing a quick-reference guide to the building blocks of rhythm, pitch, and expression. Just as mathematical formulas help solve problems, these musical rules and patterns underpin all the music you perform and create.
本手册呈现 Year 7 SQA 音乐理论中的核心“公式”与“定理”，为节奏、音高和表现力的构成要素提供速查指南。正如数学公式帮助解题，这些音乐规则和模式支撑着你演奏与创作的一切音乐。
1. Note Values: The Duration Formulas | 音符时值公式
Understanding note durations is like learning a set of number equations. Each note symbol represents a fixed length of sound relative to a beat.
理解音符时值就像学习一组数字等式。每一个音符符号都代表一段相对于节拍而言固定的声音长度。
Semibreve = 2 Minims = 4 Crotchets = 8 Quavers
全音符 = 2 个二分音符 = 4 个四分音符 = 8 个八分音符
- Semibreve (whole note) lasts 4 beats. — 全音符持续4拍。
- Minim (half note) lasts 2 beats. — 二分音符持续2拍。
- Crotchet (quarter note) lasts 1 beat. — 四分音符持续1拍。
- Quaver (eighth note) lasts ½ beat. — 八分音符持续½拍。
- Semiquaver (sixteenth note) lasts ¼ beat. — 十六分音符持续¼拍。
The rest formula: Every note value has an equivalent rest of the same duration.
休止符公式：每一个时值的音符都有一个等长的休止符。
2. Time Signatures: The Beat Rule | 拍号规则
A time signature appears at the start of a piece. It works like a fraction: the top number tells you how many, and the bottom tells you what kind.
拍号出现在乐曲开头，其作用如同一个分数：上方数字说明“有多少拍”，下方数字说明“以什么音符为一拍”。
Bottom number code:
下方数字代码：
- 4 = crotchet beat (quarter note) — 4 代表以四分音符为一拍
- 8 = quaver beat (eighth note) — 8 代表以八分音符为一拍
- 2 = minim beat (half note) — 2 代表以二分音符为一拍
Example: 3/4 means three crotchet beats in every bar. The first beat is often naturally stronger — a stress pattern formula.
例如：3/4 拍表示每小节有3个四分音符拍。第一拍通常自然地较强——这就是“强弱规律公式”。
2/4: Strong – weak | 3/4: Strong – weak – weak | 4/4: Strong – weak – medium – weak
2/4：强 – 弱 | 3/4：强 – 弱 – 弱 | 4/4：强 – 弱 – 次强 – 弱
3. The Major Scale Formula | 大调音阶公式
All major scales follow the same step-by-step pattern of tones (T) and semitones (S). A tone equals two semitones; a semitone is the distance from any key to its immediate neighbour.
所有大调音阶都遵循相同的音程模式：全音 (T) 与半音 (S)。一个全音等于两个半音；半音是相邻键之间的距离。
T – T – S – T – T – T – S
全 – 全 – 半 – 全 – 全 – 全 – 半
Apply this formula starting on any note to build a major scale. For C major (no sharps or flats): C (T)→ D (T)→ E (S)→ F (T)→ G (T)→ A (T)→ B (S)→ C.
将此公式从任何音开始运用，就能构建大调音阶。以C大调（无升降号）为例：C (全)→ D (全)→ E (半)→ F (全)→ G (全)→ A (全)→ B (半)→ C。
4. The Natural Minor Scale Formula | 自然小调音阶公式
A natural minor scale gives a different mood because its pattern of tones and semitones is rearranged.
自然小调音阶带来不同的色彩，因为它重新排列了全音与半音的模式。
T – S – T – T – S – T – T
全 – 半 – 全 – 全 – 半 – 全 – 全
Using A natural minor (the relative minor of C major, sharing the same key signature): A (T)→ B (S)→ C (T)→ D (T)→ E (S)→ F (T)→ G (T)→ A. No sharps or flats are needed.
以 A 自然小调（C大调的关系小调，两者共用同一调号）为例：A (全)→ B (半)→ C (全)→ D (全)→ E (半)→ F (全)→ G (全)→ A。不需要任何升降记号。
5. Key Signatures: Sharp and Flat Patterns | 调号模式
A key signature collects sharps or flats at the beginning of the staff and follows a fixed order. This chart summarises the patterns for the most common keys at Year 7.
调号将升号或降号集中在谱表开头，并遵循固定的顺序。下表总结了 Year 7 最常见调号的模式。
| Key 调 | Sharps/Flats 升降号 | Last Sharp is Ti / Last Flat is Fa | 规则 |
|---|---|---|---|
| C major / A minor | No sharps or flats | – | 无升降号 |
| G major / E minor | 1 sharp: F♯ | Ti is F♯, so G major | 最后一个升号是导音，G大调 |
| F major / D minor | 1 flat: B♭ | Fa is B♭, so F major | 最后一个降号是下属音，F大调 |
Relative key theorem: Every major key has a relative minor starting on the 6th degree (la), and they share the identical key signature.
关系大小调定理：每个大调都有一个关系小调，起始于第6级音 (la)，它们共用完全相同的调号。
6. Interval Numbering: The Counting Rule | 音程度数计算规则
An interval is the distance between two notes. The number (2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.) is found by counting letter names from the lower note to the higher, including both start and end.
音程是两个音之间的距离。度数（二度、三度、四度……）是通过从低音数到高音的字母名得出的，包括首尾两个音。
Formula: count notes in the alphabet: C=1, D=2, E=3 → C to E is a 3rd.
公式：按字母顺序数：C=1, D=2, E=3 → C 到 E 是三度。
Quality (major, minor, perfect) depends on the exact number of semitones. A perfect 5th (C to G) contains 7 semitones; a major 3rd (C to E) contains 4 semitones. These act as useful measuring sticks.
音程性质（大、小、纯）取决于具体的半音数量。纯五度(C 到 G)包含7个半音；大三度(C 到 E)包含4个半音。这些都是有用的度量标准。
7. Building Triads: Chord Formulas | 三和弦构建公式
A triad is a three-note chord built by stacking intervals. The formula determines whether the chord sounds bright (major) or darker (minor).
三和弦是由三个音叠置而成的和弦。公式决定了和弦听起来是明亮（大三和弦）还是较为暗淡（小三和弦）。
Major triad formula: root + 4 semitones (major 3rd) + 3 semitones (minor 3rd on top).
大三和弦公式：根音 + 4个半音（大三度）+ 3个半音（上方小三度）。
Example: C major triad = C – E – G (C→E: 4 semitones; E→G: 3 semitones).
例子：C 大三和弦 = C – E – G (C→E：4半音；E→G：3半音)。
Minor triad formula: root + 3 semitones (minor 3rd) + 4 semitones (major 3rd on top).
小三和弦公式：根音 + 3个半音（小三度）+ 4个半音（上方大三度）。
Example: A minor triad = A – C – E (A→C: 3 semitones; C→E: 4 semitones).
例子：A 小三和弦 = A – C – E (A→C：3半音；C→E：4半音)。
The 5th is always a perfect 5th (7 semitones) from the root in both major and minor triads — a constant in the formula.
五度音在大三和弦和小三和弦中始终与根音构成纯五度（7个半音）——这是公式中的恒定部分。
8. Dotted Notes and Ties: Time Stretching Rules | 附点与连线：时值延展规则
A dot beside a note extends its duration. A tie joins two notes of the same pitch into a single longer sound.
附点延长音符的时值。连线将两个相同音高的音符连接成一个更长的音。
Dotted note formula: original note value + half of that value
附点音符公式：原音符时值 + 该时值的一半
- Dotted minim (𝅗𝅥.) = 2 + 1 = 3 crotchet beats. — 附点二分音符 = 2 + 1 = 3个四分音符拍。
- Dotted crotchet (♩.) = 1 + ½ = 1½ crotchet beats (equal to three quavers). — 附点四分音符 = 1 + ½ = 1½拍 (等于三个八分音符)。
Tie rule: play the first note and hold for the combined value of both notes; do not re-articulate the second note.
连线规则：演奏第一个音并持续两音时值之和，第二个音不重新起奏。
9. Dynamics and Tempo: Expressive Equations | 力度与速度：表情公式
Dynamics control how loud or soft the music is, and tempo indicates the speed. These markings are standard across all scores and work like instructions.
力度控制音乐的强弱，速度标记指示快慢。这些记号在所有
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