📚 Year 7 SQA Philosophy: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 7 SQA 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to the Year 7 SQA Philosophy vocabulary quick-memorisation guide! Building a strong philosophical vocabulary is the first step to thinking deeply about big questions. This guide will help you understand and remember key terms through simple explanations, memory hooks, and bilingual support. Let’s unlock the language of thought together.
欢迎来到 Year 7 SQA 哲学词汇速记指南！建立扎实的哲学词汇库是深入思考重大问题的第一步。本指南将通过简单的解释、记忆钩子和双语对照，帮助你理解和牢记关键术语。让我们一起打开思维的语言之门。
1. What is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Philosophy comes from the Greek words ‘philo’ (love) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom), meaning love of wisdom. Remember: philo = love (like ‘philharmonic’ loves harmony), sophia = wisdom.
哲学源于希腊语‘philo’（爱）和‘sophia’（智慧），意为爱智慧。记忆：philo = 爱（如‘爱乐乐团’爱和谐），sophia = 智慧。
Philosopher is a person who seeks wisdom and asks fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, and values.
哲学家是寻求智慧、提出关于存在、知识和价值等根本问题的人。
Critical thinking is the ability to analyse and evaluate ideas logically, rather than just accepting them.
批判性思维是逻辑分析和评价思想的能力，而不是简单地接受它们。
Memory hook: Imagine a friend named Phil who loves Sophia – that’s Philosophy!
记忆钩子：想象一个叫 Phil 的朋友爱上了 Sophia——这就是 Philosophy！
2. Branches of Philosophy | 哲学分支
Ethics: the study of right and wrong, good and bad. It asks ‘How should we live?’
伦理学：研究对错、善恶的学科。它问“我们应该如何生活？”
Epistemology: the theory of knowledge – how we know what we know. The word comes from Greek ‘episteme’ (knowledge).
认识论：关于知识的理论——我们如何知道我们所知道的。该词源于希腊语‘episteme’（知识）。
Metaphysics: the branch that explores reality, existence, and the nature of things beyond the physical. ‘Meta’ means beyond, ‘physics’ means nature.
形而上学：探索实在、存在和超越物理的事物本质的分支。‘Meta’意为超越，‘physics’意为自然。
Logic: the study of correct reasoning and argument structure. It helps us avoid mistakes in thinking.
逻辑学：研究正确推理和论证结构的学科。它帮助我们避免思维错误。
Memory hook: Use the acronym ELM (Ethics, Logic, Metaphysics) – imagine a philosophical elm tree. Add Epistemology to get ELME.
记忆钩子：用首字母缩写 ELM（伦理学、逻辑学、形而上学）——想象一棵哲学的榆树。加上认识论得到 ELME。
3. Ethics: Key Terms | 伦理学：关键术语
Utilitarianism: the ethical view that the right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Think of ‘utility’ meaning usefulness for happiness.
功利主义：认为正确的行为是为最大多数人带来最大幸福的观点。想想‘utility’意为对幸福有用。
Deontology: duty-based ethics, where actions are right or wrong according to a set of rules, regardless of consequences. ‘Deon’ means duty in Greek.
义务论：基于责任的伦理学，行为对错取决于规则，而非后果。‘Deon’在希腊语中意为责任。
Virtue ethics: focuses on the character of the moral agent rather than rules or consequences. It asks ‘What would a virtuous person do?’
美德伦理学：关注道德主体的品格，而非规则或后果。它问“一个有美德的人会怎么做？”
Moral dilemma: a situation where a person must choose between two or more conflicting moral principles.
道德困境：一个人必须在两个或多个相互冲突的道德原则之间做出选择的情境。
Memory hook: Utilitarianism uses a ‘happiness calculator’, Deontology follows a ‘rulebook’, Virtue ethics asks ‘What would my hero do?’
记忆钩子：功利主义用‘幸福计算器’，义务论遵循‘规则手册’，美德伦理学问‘我的英雄会怎么做？’
4. Logic: Building Arguments | 逻辑：构建论证
Argument: a set of statements where some (premises) are offered in support of another (conclusion). Not a fight – a reasoned case.
论证：一组陈述，其中一些（前提）被提出以支持另一个（结论）。不是争吵——是理性的论据。
Premise: a reason or piece of evidence given in an argument. Think of ‘premise’ as ‘promise of a reason’.
前提：论证中给出的理由或证据。把‘premise’想成‘承诺一个理由’。
Conclusion: the statement that the argument is trying to prove. It often starts with ‘therefore’.
结论：论证试图证明的陈述。它常以‘因此’开头。
Valid argument: if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true due to logical structure. Validity is about correct form.
有效论证：如果前提为真，结论必然为真，因其逻辑结构正确。有效性关乎形式正确。
Sound argument: a valid argument with true premises. Soundness guarantees a true conclusion.
可靠论证：前提真实的有效论证。可靠性保证结论真实。
Memory hook: Premises are the pillars, the conclusion is the roof. A valid structure holds; a sound structure has solid pillars.
记忆钩子：前提是支柱，结论是屋顶。有效结构能支撑；可靠结构有实心支柱。
5. Metaphysics: Reality and Existence | 形而上学：实在与存在
Reality: the state of things as they actually exist, beyond appearances. What is truly real?
实在：事物实际存在的状态，超越表象。什么是真正真实的？
Free will: the ability to make choices that are not determined by prior causes. Do we freely choose?
自由意志：做出不被先前原因决定的抉择的能力。我们自由选择吗？
Determinism: the view that all events, including human actions, are determined by previous causes. Like dominoes falling.
决定论：认为所有事件，包括人类行为，都由先前原因决定的观点。像多米诺骨牌倒下。
Dualism: the idea that mind and body are two separate substances. Often associated with Descartes.
二元论：认为心灵与身体是两种不同实体的观点。常与笛卡尔相联系。
Materialism: the view that only physical matter exists, and the mind is a product of the brain.
唯物主义：认为只有物理物质存在，心灵是大脑产物的观点。
Memory hook: Free will = ‘free bird’; Determinism = ‘domino chain’; Dualism = ‘ghost in a machine’.
记忆钩子：自由意志 = ‘自由的鸟’；决定论 = ‘多米诺链’；二元论 = ‘机器中的幽灵’。
6. Epistemology: How We Know | 认识论：我们如何知道
Knowledge: traditionally defined as justified true belief. You must believe it, it must be true, and you need good reasons.
知识：传统上定义为被证成的真信念。你必须相信它，它必须是真的，并且你必须有充分的理由。
Empiricism: the theory that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience – seeing, hearing, touching. ‘Empirical’ suggests experiment.
经验主义：认为知识主要来自感官经验——看、听、触——的理论。‘经验的’暗示实验。
Rationalism: the view that reason is the chief source of knowledge, independent of experience. Maths is a rationalist domain.
理性主义：认为理性是知识主要来源的观点，独立于经验。数学是理性主义领域。
Scepticism (Skepticism): the attitude of doubting knowledge claims. A sceptic asks ‘How can we be sure?’
怀疑论：对知识主张持怀疑态度的立场。怀疑论者问“我们如何能确定？”
Memory hook: Empiricism = ‘experience’; Rationalism = ‘ratio’ (logic); Scepticism = ‘question mark’.
记忆钩子：经验主义 = ‘经验’；理性主义 = ‘比例/理性’；怀疑论 = ‘问号’。
7. Political Philosophy: Society and Justice | 政治哲学：正义与社会
Justice: fairness in the distribution of resources, rights, and opportunities. What is a fair society?
正义：资源、权利和机会分配的公平性。什么是公平的社会？
Social contract: an implicit agreement among individuals to form a society and obey its rules for mutual benefit. Think of joining a club.
社会契约：个人之间为形成社会并为互利而遵守其规则的隐性协议。想想加入一个俱乐部。
Rights: moral or legal entitlements that individuals have, such as life, liberty, and property.
权利：个人拥有的道德或法律资格，如生命、自由和财产。
Democracy: a system of government where citizens exercise power by voting. ‘Demos’ = people, ‘kratos’ = rule.
民主：公民通过投票行使权力的政府体制。‘Demos’ = 人民，‘kratos’ = 统治。
Memory hook: Social contract = ‘signed virtual paper’; Democracy = ‘people power’.
记忆钩子：社会契约 = ‘签署的虚拟纸张’；民主 = ‘人民权力’。
8. Philosophy of Mind: Consciousness and Identity | 心灵哲学：意识与同一性
Consciousness: the state of being aware of and able to think about yourself and your surroundings. The ‘what it is like’ to be you.
意识：能够感知并思考自身及周围环境的状态。作为‘你’的那种‘感觉如何’。
Identity: what makes a person the same over time, despite physical and psychological changes. The ‘ship of Theseus’ problem.
同一性：使一个人在不同时间保持同一的因素，尽管有身体和心理的变化。‘忒修斯之船’问题。
Qualia: individual instances of subjective, conscious experience – like the redness of red or the pain of a headache.
感受质：主观意识经验的单个实例——如红色的红感或头痛的痛感。
Monism: the view that mind and body are not separate but one substance – often materialist monism.
一元论：认为心灵与身体并非分离，而是同一实体的观点——常为唯物主义一元论。
Memory hook: Consciousness = ‘inner movie’; Qualia = ‘raw feels’; monism = ‘one stuff’.
记忆钩子：意识 = ‘内在电影’；感受质 = ‘原始感觉’；一元论 = ‘一种东西’。
9. Aesthetics: Beauty and Art | 美学：美与艺术
Aesthetics: the philosophical study of beauty, art, and taste. ‘Aisthesis’ means perception in Greek.
美学：对美、艺术和品味的哲学研究。‘Aisthesis’在希腊语中意为感知。
Sublime: an experience of awe and greatness, often
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