📚 Year 7 SQA Psychology: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 7 SQA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
This guide is designed to help Year 7 SQA students quickly revise the most important psychology terms. Mastering this vocabulary will strengthen your understanding of psychological concepts and prepare you for assessments. Each term is explained clearly, first in English and then in Chinese, to support bilingual learning.
本指南旨在帮助 Year 7 SQA 学生快速复习最重要的心理学术语。掌握这些词汇将加深你对心理学概念的理解，并为评估做好准备。每个术语都先用英文清晰解释，再用中文说明，以支持双语学习。
1. Research Methods Terminology | 研究方法术语
A hypothesis is a testable statement that predicts the relationship between two or more variables. It is often written as an ‘if-then’ prediction.
假设 是可检验的陈述，预测两个或多个变量之间的关系。它通常写为“如果……那么……”的预测。
An independent variable (IV) is the factor that the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates in an experiment to see its effect.
自变量 (IV) 是研究者在实验中故意改变或操纵的因素，以观察其影响。
The dependent variable (DV) is the factor that is measured in an experiment. It is expected to change as a result of the independent variable.
因变量 (DV) 是在实验中测量的因素。它预期会因自变量的变化而改变。
An experiment is a research method where the researcher controls conditions to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
实验 是一种研究方法，研究者通过控制条件来确立变量之间的因果关系。
A control condition is a group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment. It provides a baseline for comparison.
控制条件 是实验中不接受实验处理的一组。它为比较提供了基线。
Observation is a research technique where behaviour is watched and recorded systematically, either in a natural or a laboratory setting.
观察 是一种研究技术，系统性地观察和记录行为，可以在自然环境中或实验室中进行。
2. Biological Psychology | 生理心理学
A neuron is a specialised cell in the nervous system that transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
神经元 是神经系统中的特化细胞，通过电信号和化学信号传递信息。
A synapse is the tiny gap between two neurons where chemical messengers pass to continue the signal.
突触 是两个神经元之间的微小间隙，化学信使在此传递以延续信号。
Neurotransmitters are chemicals released from a neuron that cross the synapse and affect the next neuron. Examples include dopamine and serotonin.
神经递质 是从神经元释放的化学物质，穿过突触并影响下一个神经元。例如多巴胺和血清素。
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It processes information and coordinates actions.
中枢神经系统 (CNS) 由大脑和脊髓组成。它处理信息并协调行动。
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all nerves outside the CNS. It carries messages between the CNS and the body.
周围神经系统 (PNS) 包括中枢神经系统以外的所有神经。它在 CNS 和身体之间传递信息。
A hormone is a chemical messenger produced by glands and carried in the blood. It regulates longer-lasting changes in the body, like growth or stress responses.
激素 是由腺体产生并通过血液携带的化学信使。它调节身体中更持久的变化，如生长或应激反应。
3. Cognitive Psychology | 认知心理学
Cognition refers to all mental processes involved in knowing, including thinking, remembering, judging, and problem-solving.
认知 指所有与认识有关的心理过程，包括思维、记忆、判断和问题解决。
Perception is the process of interpreting and organising sensory information to make sense of the world.
知觉 是解释和组织感觉信息以理解世界的过程。
A schema is a mental framework built from past experiences that helps us organise and interpret new information quickly.
图式 是基于过去经验建立的心理框架，帮助我们快速组织和解释新信息。
Attention is the ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others. It can be selective or divided.
注意 是专注于特定刺激而忽略其他刺激的能力。它可以是选择性的或分配的。
Information processing describes how the mind handles incoming data, similar to a computer. It involves input, processing, and output.
信息加工 描述心理如何处理输入数据，类似于计算机。它涉及输入、加工和输出。
4. Developmental Psychology | 发展心理学
Attachment is a deep emotional bond that develops between an infant and its primary caregiver, crucial for social and emotional development.
依恋 是婴儿与主要照顾者之间建立的一种深刻情感纽带，对社会和情感发展至关重要。
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. It develops in infancy.
客体永久性 是指理解物体即使看不见、听不到或触摸不到时仍然存在。它在婴儿期发展起来。
Conservation (Piaget) is the logical ability to understand that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement.
守恒 （皮亚杰）是一种逻辑能力，理解尽管形状或排列发生变化，数量仍保持不变。
Egocentrism is the tendency in young children to see the world only from their own perspective, finding it hard to imagine another person’s viewpoint.
自我中心主义 是幼儿只从自己的角度看待世界的倾向，他们很难想象他人的观点。
Adolescence is the transitional stage between childhood and adulthood, marked by puberty, identity search, and greater independence.
青春期 是童年与成年之间的过渡阶段，以生理发育、身份探索和更大的独立性为标志。
5. Social Psychology | 社会心理学
Conformity is a type of social influence where an individual changes their behaviour or beliefs to match those of a group.
从众 是一种社会影响类型，个体改变自己的行为或信念以与群体保持一致。
Obedience is following direct orders from an authority figure, even if they conflict with personal conscience.
服从 是遵循权威人物的直接命令，即使这与个人良心相冲突。
A social norm is an unwritten rule about how to behave in a particular social group or culture.
社会规范 是关于在特定社会群体或文化中如何行事的未写明规则。
A stereotype is a fixed, oversimplified belief about a certain group of people. It can lead to prejudice.
刻板印象 是对某一群体的固定、过于简单的信念。它可能导致偏见。
Prejudice is a negative attitude towards someone based on their group membership, while discrimination is the behaviour that arises from this attitude.
偏见 是基于某人的群体成员身份而产生的消极态度，而歧视 是由这种态度产生的行为。
6. Individual Differences | 个体差异
Personality refers to the unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that makes a person who they are over time.
人格 指个体在思维、情感和行为上的独特模式，使一个人长期成为自己。
A trait is a consistent characteristic or aspect of personality. For example, being outgoing or shy is a trait.
特质 是人格的一个稳定特征或方面。例如，外向或害羞就是一种特质。
Extraversion is a personality dimension describing people who are sociable, talkative, and energetic. Introversion describes those who are more reserved and prefer solitary activities.
外倾性 是一个人格维度，描述善于社交、健谈和充满活力的人。内倾性 描述那些更内向、喜欢独处活动的人。
Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. It can be measured by IQ tests.
智力 是从经验中学习、解决问题和适应新环境的能力。它可以通过智商测验来衡量。
The nature vs nurture debate asks whether behaviour is determined more by genetics (nature) or environment and learning (nurture).
先天与后天 之争探讨行为更多地由遗传（先天）决定，还是由环境和学习（后天）决定。
7. Psychopathology | 心理病理学
Mental health is a state of well-being in which a person realises their abilities, can cope with normal stresses, and can work productively.
心理健康 是一种幸福状态，在这种状态下，人们认识到自己的能力，能够应对正常压力，并能有效地工作。
Abnormality in psychology is often defined using criteria such as statistical rarity, deviation from social norms, and failure to function adequately.
心理学中的异常 通常使用诸如统计上的罕见性、偏离社会规范以及无法充分发挥日常功能等标准来定义。
A phobia is an intense, irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity. It leads to avoidance behaviour.
恐惧症 是对特定物体、情境或活动的强烈、非理性恐惧。它导致回避行为。
Anxiety is a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease. When it becomes excessive and persistent, it may be an anxiety disorder.
焦虑 是一种担忧、紧张或不安的感觉。当它变得过度和持续时，可能是一种焦虑障碍。
Depression is a mood disorder characterised by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and low energy, affecting daily life.
抑郁 是一种心境障碍，特点是持续的悲伤、兴趣丧失和精力不足，影响日常生活。
8. Memory | 记忆
Encoding is the first stage of memory, where information is transformed into a form that can be stored by the brain.
编码 是记忆的第一阶段，在此阶段信息被转换成大脑可以存储的形式。
Storage is the process of maintaining encoded information over time. It can be short-term or long-term.
存储 是将编码后的信息保持一段时间的过程。它可以是短时或长时的。
Retrieval is the ability to access and bring stored information back into conscious awareness when needed.
提取 是在需要时将存储的信息提取并带回意识中的能力。
Short-term memory (STM) holds a small amount of information for a brief period. Its capacity is about 7±2 items.
短时记忆 (STM) 在短时间内保存少量信息。其容量约为 7±2 个项目。
Long-term memory (LTM) has a huge capacity and can store memories for years. It includes factual knowledge and life events.
长时记忆 (LTM) 容量巨大，可以多年存储记忆。它包括事实性知识和生活事件。
Recall is a retrieval method where you bring back information without many cues, like in an essay question. Recognition is spotting the correct answer from options, like in a multiple-choice test.
回忆 是一种在几乎没有提示的情况下回想起信息的提取方式，如简答题。再认 是从选项中识别出正确答案，如同多选题。
9. Learning Theory | 学习理论
Classical conditioning is learning through association. It was discovered by Pavlov, where a neutral stimulus comes to trigger a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
经典条件作用 是通过联想进行的学习。由巴甫洛夫发现，即一个中性刺激在与无条件刺激配对后，最终能引发反应。
Operant conditioning is learning through consequences. Behaviours are strengthened by reinforcement and weakened by punishment.
操作条件作用 是通过后果进行的学习。行为通过强化而增强，通过惩罚而减弱。
Reinforcement is any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated. It can be positive (adding a reward) or negative (removing something unpleasant).
强化 是任何能增加行为重复可能性的后果。它可以是正强化（给予奖励）或负强化（移除不愉快的事物）。
Punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated. It can involve adding something unpleasant or removing something pleasant.
惩罚 是一种减少行为重复可能性的后果。它可以是施加不愉快的事物或移除愉快的事物。
Extinction occurs in conditioning when the learned response disappears because the reinforcement is no longer presented.
消退 发生在条件作用中，当不再给予强化时，习得的反应会消失。
10. Research Ethics | 研究伦理
Ethics in psychology are moral principles that guide researchers to protect the wellbeing and dignity of participants.
心理学中的伦理 是指导研究者保护参与者福祉和尊严的道德原则。
Informed consent means that participants must be given clear information about a study’s aims, procedures, and potential risks before they agree to take part. For minors, parental consent is required.
知情同意 意味着在参与者同意参与研究之前，必须向他们清晰告知研究目的、程序和潜在风险。对于未成年人，需获得家长同意。
Confidentiality is the obligation to keep participants’ personal data secure and anonymous, ensuring that their identity is not revealed in results.
保密性 是确保参与者个人数据安全且匿名的义务，确保他们的身份不会在结果中被透露。
The right to withdraw allows participants to leave a study at any time without giving a reason and without penalty. Their data collected can be removed upon request.
退出权 允许参与者随时退出研究，无需说明理由且不受惩罚。他们已收集的数据可应要求销毁。
Deception occurs when researchers mislead participants about the true purpose of a study. It is only acceptable when essential and must be followed by a thorough debriefing.
欺骗 发生在研究者误导参与者关于研究真实目的时。只有在必需时方可接受，且随后必须进行全面事后解释。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导