Year 7 SQA Spanish: Formula & Key Rules Cheat Sheet | 西班牙语：关键规则速查手册

📚 Year 7 SQA Spanish: Formula & Key Rules Cheat Sheet | 西班牙语：关键规则速查手册

Welcome to your quick-reference guide for Year 7 SQA Spanish. Just as maths has formulas, Spanish has its own building blocks – grammar rules, verb patterns and essential vocabulary – that help you construct sentences correctly. This cheat sheet brings together all the key ‘formulas’ you need to succeed in your assessments and to build confidence in reading, writing, listening and speaking. Keep it handy whenever you study or revise.

欢迎使用你的 Year 7 SQA 西班牙语速查手册。就像数学有公式一样，西班牙语也有自己的构建模块——语法规则、动词模式和核心词汇——帮助你正确地组织句子。这份速记表汇集了你考试成功所需的所有关键“公式”，让你在阅读、写作、听力和口语中建立信心。学习或复习时随时翻阅。

1. Nouns and Gender | 名词与阴阳性

All Spanish nouns are either masculine or feminine. The gender of a noun determines the form of articles and adjectives that accompany it. As a general formula, nouns ending in -o are masculine and nouns ending in -a are feminine. However, there are exceptions (e.g. el día – day, masculine; la mano – hand, feminine). Always learn the article together with the noun.

所有西班牙语名词都有阴阳性之分。名词的性别决定了与其搭配的冠词和形容词的形式。一般规律是，以 -o 结尾的名词为阳性，以 -a 结尾的名词为阴性。但存在例外（例如 el día 白天——阳性；la mano 手——阴性）。学习名词时务必连同冠词一起记忆。

2. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词与不定冠词

Articles must match the gender and number of the noun. The table below summarises the four definite articles (‘the’) and four indefinite articles (‘a/an’ or ‘some’). Think of this as your article formula.

冠词必须与名词的性、数一致。下表归纳了四种定冠词（相当于“the”）和四种不定冠词（相当于“a/an”或“一些”）。可以把它当作你的冠词公式。

	Masculine Singular	Masculine Plural	Feminine Singular	Feminine Plural
Definite (the)	el	los	la	las
Indefinite (a/an/some)	un	unos	una	unas

Example: el libro (the book), los libros (the books), una casa (a house), unas chicas (some girls). The article is the first clue to a noun’s gender and number in any sentence.

例如：el libro（这本书），los libros（这些书），una casa（一栋房子），unas chicas（一些女孩）。在句子中，冠词是判断名词性、数的第一条线索。

3. Adjectives and Agreement | 形容词与搭配一致

Adjectives describe nouns and must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. The basic formula is: if the adjective ends in -o, change to -a for feminine, add -s for plural; if the adjective ends in -e or a consonant, it often stays the same for gender, but adds -s or -es for plural.

形容词用于描述名词，必须与所修饰名词的性、数保持一致。基本规则是：如果形容词以 -o 结尾，阴性改为 -a，复数加 -s；如果形容词以 -e 或辅音结尾，通常阴阳性同形，复数则加 -s 或 -es。

un chico alto (a tall boy) → una chica alta (a tall girl)
unos chicos altos (some tall boys) → unas chicas altas (some tall girls)
un libro interesante (an interesting book) → unos libros interesantes (some interesting books)
una profesora feliz (a happy teacher) → unas profesoras felices (some happy teachers)

Adjectives usually come after the noun in Spanish, unlike English. Treat this like a word-order formula: noun + adjective.

与英语不同，西班牙语中形容词通常放在名词之后。请把这个当作语序公式：名词 + 形容词。

4. Present Tense Regular -AR, -ER, -IR Verbs | 现在时规则动词变位

Spanish verbs fall into three families: those ending in -ar, -er and -ir. To conjugate any regular verb in the present tense, remove the infinitive ending and add the correct set of endings. Think of this as the verb formula for every subject pronoun.

西班牙语动词分为三类：以 -ar、-er 和 -ir 结尾的动词。要将规则动词现在时变位，去掉词尾，加上对应的人称词尾。请把这个看作每个主语代词下的动词公式。

Subject	-AR (hablar)	-ER (comer)	-IR (vivir)
yo (I)	hablo	como	vivo
tú (you, singular informal)	hablas	comes	vives
él/ella/usted (he/she/you formal)	habla	come	vive
nosotros/nosotras (we)	hablamos	comemos	vivimos
vosotros/vosotras (you plural informal)	habláis	coméis	vivís
ellos/ellas/ustedes (they/you plural formal)	hablan	comen	viven

Memorise the pattern: -o, -as/-es, -a/-e, -amos/-emos/-imos, -áis/-éis/-ís, -an/-en. Once you know it, you can apply it to hundreds of verbs.

熟记这个模式：-o、-as/-es、-a/-e、-amos/-emos/-imos、-áis/-éis/-ís、-an/-en。一旦掌握，就能套用到数百个动词上。

5. Key Irregular Verbs: ser, estar, tener | 关键不规则动词：ser, estar, tener

Some verbs do not follow the regular patterns and must be learned by heart. The three most important irregular verbs in Year 7 are ser (to be, permanent), estar (to be, temporary/location) and tener (to have). Use the table as your quick-reference cheat.

有些动词不遵循规则，需要单独记忆。Year 7 阶段最重要的三个不规则动词是 ser（是，表永久属性）、estar（是/在，表暂时状态或位置）和 tener（有）。用下表作为你的速查器。

Subject	ser	estar	tener
yo	soy	estoy	tengo
tú	eres	estás	tienes
él/ella/usted	es	está	tiene
nosotros/nosotras	somos	estamos	tenemos
vosotros/vosotras	sois	estáis	tenéis
ellos/ellas/ustedes	son	están	tienen

Common uses: ser for nationality, profession, physical description, time; estar for mood, location, temporary condition. tener is also used in expressions like tener hambre (to be hungry), tener sed (to be thirsty), tener … años (to be … years old).

常见用法：ser 用于国籍、职业、外貌特征、时间；estar 用于情绪、位置、暂时状态。tener 也用于表达，如 tener hambre（感到饥饿），tener sed（口渴），tener … años（有…岁）。

6. Subject Pronouns | 主语代词

Subject pronouns often drop in Spanish because the verb ending indicates who is doing the action, but you still need to know them. They are the ‘x’ in your sentence formula.

西班牙语中主语代词经常省略，因为动词词尾已经表明动作的执行者，但你仍然需要认识它们。它们就是句子公式中的“x”。

yo – I
tú – you (singular informal)
él – he; ella – she; usted – you (singular formal)
nosotros/nosotras – we (masc./fem.)
vosotros/vosotras – you (plural informal, masc./fem.)
ellos – they (masc.); ellas – they (fem.); ustedes – you (plural formal)

Note that vosotros is used mainly in Spain; many Latin American countries use ustedes for all plural ‘you’. In Year 7, you only need to recognise it.

注意，vosotros 主要在西班牙使用；许多拉美国家用 ustedes 表示所有复数“你们”。Year 7 只需认识即可。

7. Question Words | 疑问词

To form questions, you often invert the subject and verb or simply raise your intonation, but these question words give you the power to ask for specific information. Remember the formula: question word + verb + subject (if included).

构成疑问句时，通常颠倒主语和动词的位置，或仅靠语调上扬，但以下疑问词能让你询问具体信息。记住公式：疑问词 + 动词 + 主语（如果出现）。

¿Qué? – What?
¿Cómo? – How?
¿Dónde? – Where?
¿Cuándo? – When?
¿Quién? (singular) / ¿Quiénes? (plural) – Who?
¿Por qué? – Why? (because: porque)
¿Cuál? / ¿Cuáles? – Which? / What? (choice)
¿Cuánto/a? – How much?; ¿Cuántos/as? – How many?

All Spanish interrogatives carry an accent mark and are wrapped in opening (¿) and closing (?) question marks.

所有西班牙语疑问词都带有重音符号，并用正反两个问号（¿ ?）括起来。

8. Numbers 0–100 and Dates | 数字 0–100 与日期

Knowing numbers is essential for telling time, saying your age, giving dates, and discussing prices. Here is the basic number formula up to 100.

掌握数字对于报时、说年龄、表达日期和谈论价格至关重要。以下是 100 以内的基本数字公式。

0–15: cero, uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez, once, doce, trece, catorce, quince.
16–19: dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, diecinueve (10+6, etc.)
20–29: veinte, veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, veinticuatro, veinticinco, veintiséis, veintisiete, veintiocho, veintinueve.
30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90: treinta, cuarenta, cincuenta, sesenta, setenta, ochenta, noventa.
For 31–99, combine tens and units with ‘y’: treinta y uno, cuarenta y cinco, sesenta y ocho, etc.
100 is cien (exactly 100) or ciento (101+).

Dates follow the pattern: el + number + de + month + de + year. Example: 2nd March 2025 = el dos de marzo de 2025. Days of the week and months are not capitalised.

日期遵循模式：el + 数字 + de + 月份 + de + 年份。例如：2025年3月2日 = el dos de marzo de 2025。星期和月份的首字母不大写。

9. Telling the Time | 表达时间

To tell the time in Spanish, use the verb ser in the form es (for 1:00) or son (for all other hours). The formula is straightforward.

用西班牙语表达时间时，使用动词 ser 的形式 es（用于1点）或 son（用于其他小时）。公式很简单。

Es la una – It’s one o’clock.
Son las dos/tres/cuatro… – It’s two/three/four… o’clock.
Add minutes using y (and) for minutes up to 30: Son las tres y diez (3:10).
Use y cuarto for quarter past, y media for half past.
For minutes after the half hour, use menos: Son las cuatro menos cinco (3:55).
de la mañana / de la tarde / de la noche for a.m./p.m.

Time questions: ¿Qué hora es? (What time is it?) – ¿A qué hora…? (At what time…?).

时间提问：¿Qué hora es?（现在几点？）—— ¿A qué hora…?（在几点…？）

10. Common Prepositions and Adverbs of Place | 常用介词与地点副词

Prepositions function like connectors to describe where something is. Here are the most useful ones for Year 7.

介词就像连接词，用来描述事物的位置。以下是 Year 7 最常用的介词。

en – in, on, at
a – to, at (direction)
de – of, from
con – with
sin – without
entre – between
sobre – on, over, about
debajo de – under
delante de – in front of
detrás de – behind
al lado de – next to
cerca de – near; lejos de – far from

When ‘de’ is followed by the article ‘el’, they contract to del. Example: al lado del parque (next to the park).

当 ‘de’ 后面跟定冠词 ‘el’ 时，两者缩写为 del。例如：al lado del parque（在公园旁边）。

11. Possessive Adjectives | 物主形容词

Possessive adjectives show who owns something and must agree in number (and often gender) with the noun they describe. The short forms are the most common.

物主形容词表示所属关系，必须与所修饰名词的数（有时还有性）保持一致。短尾形式最常用。

mi/mis – my
tu/tus – your (singular informal)
su/sus – his, her, your (formal singular), their, your (plural formal)

These do not change for gender of the owner. Plural forms add -s to the adjective. For example: mi libro (my book), mis libros (my books). For ‘our’ and ‘your (plural informal)’, use nuestro/a/os/as and vuestro/a/os/as – these do change for gender.

这些词不根据所有者性别变化。复数形式在形容词后加 -s。例如：mi libro（我的书），mis libros（我的这些书）。表示“我们的”和“你们的（非正式复数）”时，用 nuestro/a/os/as 和 vuestro/a/os/as——这些词确实随性别变化。

12. The Near Future: ir a + infinitive | 最近将来时：ir a + 不定式

One of the easiest ways to talk about future plans is the near future formula: ir (conjugated) + a + infinitive. It works exactly like ‘going to’ in English.

谈论未来计划最简单的方法之一就是最近将来时公式：ir（变位）+ a + 不定式。与英语的 ‘going to’ 用法完全一致。

Voy a estudiar – I am going to study.
Vas a comer – You (inf.) are going to eat.
Ella va a bailar – She is going to dance.
Vamos a jugar – We are going to play.
Van a leer – They are going to read.

The verb ir is irregular: voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van. Practise this structure with any infinitive to expand your speaking and writing instantly.

动词 ir 的变位是不规则的：voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van。用任何不定式套用这个结构，就能立刻拓展你的口语和写作。

Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com

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Year 7 SQA Spanish: Formula & Key Rules Cheat Sheet | 西班牙语：关键规则速查手册