📚 Year 7 SQA Statistics: Writing Framework and Sample Paper | 七年级SQA统计：论文写作框架与范文
Statistical writing helps you communicate your findings clearly. In Year 7 SQA Statistics, you will learn to plan an investigation, collect and present data, and write a short report that tells a story with numbers. This article provides a step‑by‑step framework and a sample paper to guide you through your own project.
统计写作能帮助你清晰地传达你的发现。在七年级SQA统计课程中，你将学习如何规划一项调查、收集和展示数据，并撰写一份用数字讲述故事的简短报告。本文提供了一个分步框架和一篇范文，指导你完成自己的项目。
1. What is a Statistical Investigation? | 什么是统计调查？
A statistical investigation follows the PPDAC cycle: Problem, Plan, Data, Analysis, Conclusion. You start with a question, design a method to answer it, gather real data, look for patterns and summarise what you have learned.
统计调查遵循PPDAC循环：问题、计划、数据、分析、结论。你从一个问题开始，设计回答它的方法，收集真实数据，寻找模式并总结所学到的。
The process is not just about calculations; it is about thinking critically and making evidence‑based decisions.
这个过程不仅仅是计算，更重要的是批判性思考并基于证据做出决策。
2. Choosing a Topic and Formulating a Question | 选题与提出研究问题
Choose a topic that interests you and can be investigated with data you can collect. Good questions often start with ‘How many…?’, ‘Is there a link between…?’, ‘What is the typical…?’ Avoid vague questions that cannot be measured.
选择一个你感兴趣且能用你能收集到的数据来研究的主题。好的问题常以 “有多少……？” “……之间是否存在联系？” “典型的……是什么？” 开头。避免无法衡量的模糊问题。
For example: ‘How many hours do Year 7 pupils sleep on a school night?’ is much better than ‘Do people sleep enough?’ because it gives a clear, countable answer.
例如：”七年级学生上学期间每晚睡几小时？” 比 “人们睡眠充足吗？” 好得多，因为它能给出清晰、可计量的答案。
3. Planning Data Collection | 计划数据收集
Decide how you will collect your data. The three main methods are questionnaire (survey), observation and experiment. For most Year 7 projects, a simple survey works well. Think about who you will ask – this group is your sample.
决定你如何收集数据。三种主要方法是问卷（调查）、观察和实验。对大多数七年级项目来说，简单的调查就很好用。想清楚你要问谁——这群人就是你的样本。
A simple random sample, where every person has an equal chance of being chosen, gives more reliable results than asking only your friends. Plan ahead to avoid bias.
简单随机样本（每个人都有均等的被选中机会）比只问朋友得到的结果更可靠。提前计划，避免偏差。
4. Types of Data and Variables | 数据类型与变量
Data can be categorical (qualitative) such as favourite colour or pet type, or numerical (quantitative) such as height in cm or test scores. Numerical data is further split into discrete (counted, whole numbers – e.g. number of siblings) and continuous (measured, can take any value – e.g. time, length).
数据可以是类别型（定性）的，如最喜欢的颜色或宠物种类；也可以是数值型（定量）的，如身高（厘米）或测验分数。数值型数据又分为离散型（计数得到，整数——如兄弟姐妹人数）和连续型（测量得到，可取任何值——如时间、长度）。
Understanding the data type helps you choose the right chart and summary statistics later.
理解数据类型有助于之后选择合适的图表和汇总统计量。
5. Collecting Data – Surveys and Experiments | 收集数据——调查与实验
When writing a survey, keep questions short and specific. Use multiple‑choice answers or number boxes to make recording easy. Always test your survey on two or three classmates first to spot any confusing wording.
编写调查问卷时，问题要简短明确。使用选择题或数字填答框以便于记录。务必先在两三位同学中试测，发现任何含糊不清的措辞。
If you conduct an experiment, change only one variable at a time and take repeat readings. For example, testing which paper aeroplane design flies the furthest – keep the same throwing style and measure distance three times for each design.
如果进行实验，每次只改变一个变量，并重复读数。例如，测试哪种纸飞机设计飞得最远——保持投掷方式不变，每种设计测量三次距离。
6. Organising Data: Tables and Frequency Distributions | 整理数据：表格与频数分布
Once you have your raw data, record it in a tally chart, then turn it into a frequency table. For continuous data with a wide range, create a grouped frequency table – for instance, grouping sleep hours into intervals like 6–6.9, 7–7.9 and so on.
收集到原始数据后，先用计数表记录，再转换成频数表。对于范围广的连续型数据，创建分组频数表——例如，将睡眠时间分为 6–6.9、7–7.9 等区间。
Here is a simple frequency table for the question ‘How many pets do you have?’:
以下是针对 “你有几只宠物？” 问题的一个简单频数表：
| Number of pets | Tally | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | |||| | 4 |
| 1 | |||| ||| | 8 |
| 2 | |||| | | 6 |
| 3 or more | || | 2 |
From this table you can instantly see the mode (1 pet) and easily find the total number of responses.
从这个表中你能立刻看出众数（1只宠物）并轻松得到答复总数。
7. Displaying Data: Charts and Graphs | 展示数据：图表
Choose a graph that suits the data type. Categorical data: bar chart or pie chart. Discrete numerical data: bar chart or dot plot. Continuous data: histogram or line graph. To explore relationships between two numerical variables, use a scatter graph.
选择适合数据类型的图表。类别型数据：条形图或饼图。离散数值型数据：条形图或点图。连续型数据：直方图或线形图。探索两个数值变量间的关系，使用散点图。
Always give your chart a clear title, label both axes with the variable name and unit, and start the scale at zero if possible. Uneven scales or missing labels can trick the reader.
始终为图表加上清楚的标题，用变量名和单位标注两条坐标轴，并尽可能让刻度从零开始。不均匀的刻度或缺失的标签会误导读者。
8. Describing Data: Measures of Central Tendency | 描述数据：集中趋势的度量
Summarise the centre of your data using the mean (average), median (middle value) and mode (most frequent). The range (maximum − minimum) describes the spread. For the dataset of sleep hours: 8, 7, 9, 7, 8, 6.5, 10.
使用平均数（均值）、中位数（中间值）和众数（出现最频繁的值）来概括数据的中心。极差（最大值 − 最小值）描述分散程度。以睡眠时间数据集为例：8, 7, 9, 7, 8, 6.5, 10。
Sorted values: 6.5, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10.
排序后的值：6.5, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10。
Mode = 7 and 8 (bimodal) | Median = 8 | Range = 10 – 6.5 = 3.5 hours
Mean = (6.5 + 7 + 7 + 8 + 8 + 9 + 10) ÷ 7 ≈ 7.93 hours
Report the mean to one decimal place and always say what unit it is measured in.
把平均值保留一位小数，并始终说明它的计量单位。
9. Drawing Conclusions and Making Inferences | 得出结论与做出推断
Return to your original question and tell the reader what the data shows. Use cautious language such as ‘The data suggests…’, ‘On average…’, ‘There appears to be a pattern…’. Remember: your small sample cannot prove a general rule.
回到你最初的问题，告诉读者数据显示了什么。使用谨慎的语言，如 “数据表明……” “平均而言……” “似乎存在一个模式……”。记住：你的小样本不能证明一般法则。
Also mention any limitations – for example, ‘I only surveyed one class, so results might not apply to the whole year group.’ Suggest what you would improve next time.
还要提及任何局限性——例如，”我只调查了一个班级，因此结果可能不适用于整个年级。” 并说说下次会如何改进。
10. Writing the Final Report: Structure and Tips | 撰写最终报告：结构与技巧
A clear statistical report has five main sections: Title, Introduction, Method, Results and Conclusion. Use short paragraphs and headings so your reader can follow the PPDAC cycle easily.
一份清晰的统计报告有五个主要部分：标题、引言、方法、结果和结论。使用短段落和标题，让读者能轻松跟上PPDAC循环。
Write in your own words and explain everything step by step. Include at least one well‑labelled chart and a table of results. Double‑check all calculations and make sure your conclusion actually answers the original question.
用自己的话撰写，逐步解释一切。至少包含一张标注清晰的图表和一个结果表格。仔细检查所有计算，并确保你的结论真正回答了最初的问题。
11. Sample Paper with Annotations | 范文及批注
Title: “How Much Sleep Do Year 7 Pupils Get on a School Night?”
标题：“七年级学生上学期间每晚睡多少小时？”
Introduction: I chose this topic because I often feel tired in class and wondered if my peers are getting enough rest. My investigation question is: What is the average number of hours of sleep that Year 7 pupils get on a school night?
引言：我选择这个主题是因为我经常在课上感到疲倦，想知道我的同龄人是否获得了足够的休息。我的调查问题是：七年级学生上学期间每晚的平均睡眠
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