📚 Year 7 WJEC Accounting: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 7 WJEC 会计：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your quick reference handbook for Year 7 WJEC Accounting. This guide brings together all the essential formulas and principles you will encounter in your introductory accounting course. Use it to check your understanding, complete homework tasks and prepare for assessments.
欢迎使用 Year 7 WJEC 会计公式定理速查手册。本手册汇总了你在会计入门课程中会遇到的所有关键公式和原理。你可以用它来检查自己的理解、完成家庭作业以及准备测评。
1. The Accounting Equation | 会计等式
Assets = Capital + Liabilities
The accounting equation is the foundation of double-entry bookkeeping. It shows that everything the business owns (assets) is always financed by the owner’s investment (capital) and amounts owed to others (liabilities).
会计等式是复式记账的基础。它表明企业拥有的一切（资产）恒等于业主投入（资本）与欠他人款项（负债）之和。
Capital = Assets − Liabilities
By rearranging the equation we can calculate the owner’s stake in the business at any point in time. This is also known as net worth or equity.
变换等式可随时计算业主在企业的权益，也就是净资产或所有者权益。
2. Working Capital Formula | 营运资金公式
Working Capital = Current Assets − Current Liabilities
Working capital measures whether a business has enough short-term resources to meet its short-term debts. A positive figure indicates the business can cover its immediate obligations, while a negative figure signals potential cash problems.
营运资金衡量企业是否有足够的短期资源来偿还短期债务。正数表示企业能够应付眼前的付款义务，负数则预示可能存在现金周转问题。
Current assets typically include cash, inventory and trade receivables. Current liabilities include trade payables and bank overdrafts due within one year.
流动资产通常包括现金、存货和应收账款；流动负债包括应付账款和一年内到期的银行透支。
3. Gross Profit Formula | 毛利润公式
Gross Profit = Sales Revenue − Cost of Goods Sold
Gross profit is the profit a business makes after deducting the direct costs of producing or buying the goods it sells. It does not yet account for other running expenses such as rent or advertising.
毛利润是企业扣除生产或购入商品的直接成本后所赚取的利润。它尚未扣除租金或广告等运营费用。
If sales revenue is £5,000 and cost of goods sold is £3,000, then gross profit is £2,000. This figure is the starting point for calculating overall profit.
如果销售收入为 5000 英镑，销售成本为 3000 英镑，则毛利润为 2000 英镑。这个数字是计算总利润的起点。
4. Cost of Goods Sold Formula | 销售成本公式
Cost of Goods Sold = Opening Inventory + Purchases − Closing Inventory
This formula finds the direct cost of the inventory that was actually sold during a period. Opening inventory is the stock held at the start, purchases are items bought for resale, and closing inventory is the stock left unsold at the end.
该公式用于计算某一期间实际售出存货的直接成本。期初存货是期初持有的库存，采购是本期买入以供转卖的商品，期末存货是期末仍未卖出的库存。
For example, if opening inventory is £800, purchases are £2,200 and closing inventory is £900, then cost of goods sold is £2,100.
例如，若期初存货为 800 英镑，采购为 2200 英镑，期末存货为 900 英镑，则销售成本为 2100 英镑。
5. Net Profit Calculation | 净利润计算
Net Profit = Gross Profit − Expenses
Net profit is the true ‘bottom line’ after all operating costs have been subtracted. Expenses include items such as rent, wages, electricity, insurance and depreciation.
净利润是扣除所有经营成本后的真实“底线”。费用项目包括租金、工资、电费、保险费和折旧等。
Even if gross profit is high, a business with heavy expenses may end up with a very small net profit or a loss. This formula helps owners see whether the business is genuinely profitable.
即使毛利润很高，如果费用沉重，最终净利润也可能很低甚至亏损。这一公式帮助业主判断企业是否真正盈利。
6. Gross Profit Margin | 毛利率
Gross Profit Margin = (Gross Profit ÷ Sales Revenue) × 100%
Gross profit margin shows what percentage of each £1 of sales is left over after paying for the goods sold. A higher margin means the business keeps more money from each sale to cover expenses and generate net profit.
毛利率显示每 1 英镑销售收入在支付商品成本后剩余多少。较高的毛利率意味着企业能从每笔销售中保留更多资金来覆盖费用并创造净利润。
If gross profit is £2,000 and sales revenue is £5,000, the margin is (2,000 ÷ 5,000) × 100% = 40%. This tells you the business keeps 40p from every £1 of sales before other costs.
若毛利润为 2000 英镑，销售收入为 5000 英镑，则毛利率为 (2000 ÷ 5000) × 100% = 40%。也就是说，在扣除其他成本前，企业从每 1 英镑销售中保留 40 便士。
7. Trade Discount Formula | 商业折扣公式
Trade Discount = List Price × Trade Discount Rate
A trade discount is a reduction from the supplier’s standard list price, often given when buying in bulk. It is deducted before the invoice is issued, so the accounting records only show the net trade price.
商业折扣是从供应商标准定价中减去的金额，通常在批量购买时给予。它在开具发票前扣除，因此会计记录只显示净交易价。
Net Trade Price = List Price − Trade Discount
If the list price is £200 and the trade discount rate is 15%, the trade discount is £30 and the net trade price is £170.
如果定价为 200 英镑，商业折扣率为 15%，则商业折扣为 30 英镑，净交易价为 170 英镑。
8. Cash Discount Formula | 现金折扣公式
Cash Discount = Invoice Price × Cash Discount Rate
A cash discount is offered to encourage the buyer to pay promptly, usually within a specified period. Unlike a trade discount, it is calculated on the invoice total after any trade discount has been applied.
现金折扣是为了鼓励买方在规定期限内及早付款而给予的优惠。与商业折扣不同，它是在已扣除商业折扣的发票总额基础上计算的。
Amount to Pay = Invoice Price − Cash Discount
If the invoice price is £170 and the cash discount rate is 5% for payment within 10 days, the cash discount is £8.50 and the amount to pay is £161.50.
若发票金额为 170 英镑，10 天内付款可享 5% 的现金折扣，则现金折扣为 8.50 英镑，实付金额为 161.50 英镑。
9. The Trial Balance Principle | 试算平衡原理
Total Debit Balances = Total Credit Balances
A trial balance lists all the account balances in the ledger at a particular date. The double-entry system requires that every debit entry has a matching credit entry, so the total of all debit balances must equal the total of all credit balances.
试算表列示某一日期分类账中所有账户的余额。复式记账系统要求每一笔借方记录都有对应的贷方记录，因此所有借方余额的总和必须等于所有贷方余额的总和。
If the two totals do not agree, there is an error in the accounts that needs to be found and corrected. Even when the trial balance does balance, it does not guarantee that there are no errors, but it is an essential checking step.
如果两个合计数不一致，就说明账目中存在错误，必须找出并更正。即使试算表平衡了，也不能保证完全没有错误，但它是一个必不可少的检查环节。
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