📚 Year 7 WJEC Business: Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | Year 7 WJEC 商务：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your go-to glossary for Year 7 WJEC Business. This bilingual guide pairs each essential term with a clear definition and a memorable explanation in Chinese, helping you master the language of business quickly. Use it to build your vocabulary before lessons, during revision, or whenever you need a quick recap.
欢迎使用 Year 7 WJEC 商务词汇速记指南。这本双语手册为每个核心术语配上清晰的定义和便于记忆的中文解释，帮助你快速掌握商业语言。无论是课前预习、课后复习还是临时回顾，都可以拿出来用。
1. Business Basics | 商业基础
A business is any organisation that produces goods or provides services to satisfy people’s needs or wants. The main goal of a business is usually to make a profit, but social enterprises may focus on helping the community.
商业 指任何生产商品或提供服务来满足人们需求或欲望的组织。企业的主要目标通常是盈利，但社会企业可能更注重帮助社区。
A consumer is a person or group that uses goods or services. Understanding consumer behaviour helps businesses decide what to sell and how to market their products.
消费者 是使用商品或服务的人或群体。了解消费者行为有助于企业决定卖什么以及如何推销产品。
Production refers to the process of making goods or offering services. It involves converting inputs (resources) into outputs (finished products).
生产 指制造商品或提供服务的全过程，也就是把投入（资源）转化为产出（成品）的过程。
2. Needs and Wants | 需求与欲望
A need is something essential for survival, such as food, water, shelter and clothing. Businesses that supply basic needs often enjoy steady demand.
需求 是生存必需的东西，例如食物、水、住所和衣物。提供这类基本需求的生意往往有稳定的市场。
A want is something that is desirable but not essential for living, like a new smartphone, designer trainers or a holiday. Wants can be influenced by advertising, trends and peer pressure.
欲望 是想要但并非生存必需的东西，比如新款手机、名牌运动鞋或度假旅行。欲望会受到广告、潮流和同伴压力的影响。
The difference between needs and wants is key when a business plans its product range. Basic needs create a reliable market, whereas wants provide opportunities for premium pricing and branding.
区分需求与欲望对企业规划产品线至关重要。基本需求带来稳定市场，而欲望为高端定价和品牌建设提供了机会。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are physical items that can be seen, touched and stored, such as books, bicycles or bread. They are classified as durable goods (lasting a long time, e.g. a fridge) or non‑durable goods (used up quickly, e.g. a chocolate bar).
商品 是可以看见、触摸和储存的实物，如书本、自行车或面包。商品分为耐用品（如冰箱，使用寿命长）和非耐用品（如巧克力，很快用完）。
Services are intangible activities that are done for customers, like hairdressing, bus journeys or online tuition. You cannot touch a service, and it is usually consumed at the same time it is produced.
服务 是为顾客完成的无形活动，比如理发、公交出行或在线辅导。服务摸不到，而且通常在提供的同时就被消费了。
Many businesses offer a mix of goods and services. A restaurant provides a physical meal (goods) together with waiter service (services).
许多企业同时提供商品和服务。例如餐馆既提供食物（商品）又提供侍应服务（服务）。
4. Factors of Production | 生产要素
The four factors of production are the resources needed to create goods and services. They are land, labour, capital and enterprise.
四种生产要素是生产商品和服务所需的资源：土地、劳动力、资本和企业家才能。
Land includes all natural resources: soil, minerals, water, forests and oil. Reward for land is rent.
土地 包括所有自然资源，如土壤、矿产、水源、森林和石油。土地的报酬是地租。
Labour is the human effort (physical and mental) used in production. The reward for labour is wages or salaries.
劳动力 是生产中投入的人力（体力和脑力）。劳动力的报酬是工资或薪金。
Capital means man‑made tools, machinery, buildings and vehicles used to make other goods. Reward for capital is interest.
资本 指用于制造其他商品的人造工具、机器、厂房和车辆。资本的报酬是利息。
Enterprise is the ability to bring the other three factors together and take risks. The reward for enterprise is profit.
企业家才能 是把其他三种要素组织起来并承担风险的能力。其报酬是利润。
5. Entrepreneurs and Enterprise | 企业家与创业精神
An entrepreneur is a person who spots a business opportunity, takes calculated risks and organises resources to start a venture. Famous examples include Anita Roddick (The Body Shop) and James Dyson.
企业家 是发现商业机会、敢于适度冒险并组织资源创办新企业的人。知名例子包括 Anita Roddick（美体小铺）和 James Dyson。
Key characteristics of entrepreneurs include creativity, resilience, self‑confidence and the willingness to take initiative. They often work long hours and face uncertainty, but the potential rewards can be high.
企业家的主要特质包括创造力、韧劲、自信和主动精神。他们往往工作时间很长，面临不确定性，但潜在回报也可能很高。
Enterprise refers not only to a business venture but also to the skills and mindset needed to turn an idea into reality. Schools encourage enterprise skills like teamwork, problem‑solving and communication.
创业精神 不仅指创办企业，还指将想法变成现实所需的技能和思维模式。学校鼓励培养团队合作、解决问题和沟通等创业技能。
6. Business Sectors and Types | 商业部门与类型
Businesses operate in different sectors: primary (extracting raw materials, e.g. farming, mining), secondary (manufacturing, e.g. car assembly, baking) and tertiary (providing services, e.g. retail, banking).
企业在不同部门运行：第一产业（采集原材料，如农业、采矿）、第二产业（制造加工，如汽车装配、烘焙）和第三产业（提供服务，如零售、银行）。
A sole trader is a business owned and run by one person. It is easy to set up, but the owner has unlimited liability, meaning their personal assets could be at risk if the business fails.
个体经营者 是由一个人拥有并经营的企业。这种形式容易创立，但业主承担无限责任，一旦生意失败个人资产也可能用来偿债。
A partnership involves two or more owners who share skills, capital and decisions. Like sole traders, partners often have unlimited liability, unless they form a limited liability partnership.
合伙企业 由两个或更多业主共担技能、资金和决策。与个体经营者类似，合伙人通常也承担无限责任，除非成立有限责任合伙。
A private limited company (Ltd) has a separate legal identity from its owners. Shareholders enjoy limited liability, so they only lose the money they invested. Shares are not sold to the public.
私人有限公司 (Ltd) 具有独立法人地位。股东享有有限责任，最多只损失投资的本金，且股份不向公众出售。
7. Business Objectives and Aims | 商业目标与宗旨
A business aim is a long‑term goal, such as becoming the market leader or expanding overseas. Objectives are specific, measurable steps that help a business achieve its aims, e.g. increase sales by 10% in six months.
宗旨 是企业的长期目标，例如成为市场领导者或向海外扩张。目标 则是具体、可衡量的步骤，有助于实现宗旨，比如在六个月内将销售额提升 10%。
Common objectives include making a profit, increasing market share, improving customer satisfaction, being environmentally friendly and just surviving in the first year. These objectives guide decision‑making.
常见的目标包括盈利、扩大市场份额、提升客户满意度、环保经营以及在第一年单纯求生存。这些目标指导企业的决策。
Social enterprises may set aims that prioritise social or environmental issues over profit. An example is a charity shop that uses surplus to support a cause.
社会企业的宗旨可能将社会或环境议题置于盈利之上。比如慈善商店用盈余资助某个公益事业。
8. Market and Demand | 市场与需求
A market is any place where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods or services. This can be a physical location like a high street, or an online platform such as eBay.
市场 是买卖双方聚集并交换商品或服务的任何地方，可以是商业街这样的实体地点，也可以是 eBay 之类的线上平台。
Demand is the quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price over a certain period. The law of demand states that, generally, as price falls, quantity demanded rises.
需求 是消费者在某一价格下愿意且有能力购买的产品数量。需求定律指出，通常价格下降时，需求量会上升。
Factors affecting demand include price, income, tastes and fashions, advertising and the price of related goods. A hot summer suddenly increases the demand for ice cream and sun cream.
影响需求的因素包括价格、收入、品味与时尚、广告以及关联商品的价格。例如炎热的夏天会突然推高对冰淇淋和防晒霜的需求。
Market research is the process of gathering information about customers, competitors and market trends. It helps businesses reduce risk when launching new products.
市场调研 是收集顾客、竞争对手和市场趋势信息的过程，有助于企业在推出新产品时降低风险。
9. Revenue, Cost and Profit | 收入、成本与利润
Revenue is the money a business earns from selling its goods or services. It is calculated as:
收入 是企业通过销售商品或服务获得的款项，计算方式如下：
Revenue = Price × Quantity Sold
Costs are the money spent running the business. Fixed costs (e.g. rent) stay the same regardless of output, variable costs (e.g. raw materials) change with output, and total costs are the sum of both.
成本 是经营企业所花费的资金。固定成本（如租金）不随产量变化，变动成本（如原材料）随产量变化，总成本是两者之和。
Profit is the financial reward for taking a business risk. It is the difference between total revenue and total costs:
利润 是承担商业风险所获得的财务回报，等于总收入与总成本之差：
Profit = Total Revenue – Total Costs
A loss occurs when costs exceed revenue. Businesses aim to avoid losses by controlling costs and boosting sales.
当成本超过收入时就会出现亏损。企业通过控制成本和增加销售来避免亏损。
10. Marketing Mix (The 4Ps) | 营销组合（4P 原则）
The marketing mix describes the four key elements a business controls to influence consumer decisions: Product, Price, Place, Promotion.
营销组合 描述企业用来影响消费者决策的四个关键要素：产品、价格、渠道、促销。
Product covers the features, design, quality, brand name and packaging of what is offered. Even a free game app is a product supported by in‑app purchases or ads.
产品 涵盖所售物品的特色、设计、质量、品牌名称和包装。即便是免费游戏应用也是一种靠应用内购买或广告支撑的产品。
Price is how much customers pay. Pricing strategies include penetration pricing (low initial price to attract customers) and price skimming (high initial price for innovation).
价格 是顾客支付的金额。定价策略包括渗透定价（初期低价吸引顾客）和撇脂定价（创新产品初期高价）。
Place is about making products available at the right location and time. This includes distribution channels such as retail stores, online shops or selling via wholesalers.
渠道 指的是在合适的地点和时间提供产品，包括零售店、网店或通过批发商销售等分销渠道。
Promotion covers all the ways a business communicates with customers, e.g. advertising, sales promotions, social media and public relations. The aim is to raise awareness and persuade people to buy.
促销 涵盖企业与顾客沟通的所有方式，如广告、促销活动、社交媒体和公共关系，目的是提高知名度并说服人们购买。
11. Finance and Budgeting | 财务与预算
A budget is a financial plan that sets out expected income and spending over a period. It helps a business control costs and avoid running out of cash.
预算 是一种财务计划，列出未来一段时间的预期收入和支出，帮助企业控制成本、避免现金短缺。
Cash flow is the movement of money in and out of a business. Positive cash flow means more money is coming in than going out, which is essential for paying bills on time.
现金流 指资金流入和流出企业的动态。正向现金流表示流入大于流出，这对按时支付账单至关重要。
Sources of finance include personal savings, bank loans, overdrafts, trade credit and retained profit. Short‑term finance covers immediate needs, while long‑term finance is used for big investments like buying machinery.
融资来源 包括个人储蓄、银行贷款、透支、商业信用和留存利润。短期融资满足即时需要，长期融资则用于购买机器等大额投资。
A business may use a break‑even analysis to find out how many units it must sell to cover all costs. At the break‑even point, total revenue equals total costs.
企业会通过盈亏平衡分析 找出要卖出多少件产品才能覆盖全部成本。在盈亏平衡点上，总收入等于总成本。
12. Business Communication and Stakeholders | 商业沟通与利益相关者
Stakeholders are individuals or groups that have an interest in a business, such as owners, employees, customers, suppliers, the local community and the government. Each stakeholder has different expectations.
利益相关者 是对企业有利害关系的个人或群体，例如业主、员工、顾客、供应商、当地社区和政府。各方的期望不尽相同。
Effective business communication ensures that information flows clearly within a company and to external stakeholders. Methods include emails, meetings, reports, social media and formal letters.
有效的商业沟通 确保信息在企业内部以及向外部利益相关者清晰传递。方式包括邮件、会议、报告、社交媒体和正式信函。
Customer service is the support and advice given to people who buy or use a product. Good customer service builds loyalty and positive word‑of‑mouth, while poor service can damage a business’s reputation.
客户服务 是为购买或使用产品的人提供的支持与建议。优质服务能建立忠诚度和良好口碑，糟糕服务则会损害企业声誉。
Finally, ethics in business means doing what is morally right, not just what is profitable. This can involve paying fair wages, protecting the environment and being honest in advertising.
最后，商业道德 意味着做道德上正确的事，而不仅仅是追求利润。这包括支付公平工资、保护环境以及保证广告真实性。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
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