📚 Year 7 WJEC Business: Winter Break Intensive Revision Plan | Year 7 WJEC 商务：寒假强化复习计划
Winter break is the perfect time to consolidate your Year 7 Business knowledge. This 8-day plan covers all the key topics for the WJEC spec, with a mix of reading, activities and quick self-checks. Follow it day by day and you will return to school feeling confident and well-prepared.
寒假是巩固 Year 7 商务知识的黄金时间。这份 8 天复习计划涵盖了 WJEC 大纲的所有核心主题，结合阅读、小活动和快速自测。每天坚持，开学后你会更加自信、从容。
1. Day 1: What is Business? | 第1天：什么是商务？
Start by reminding yourself of the most basic question: what is a business? A business is any organisation that provides goods or services to satisfy customer needs and wants. The main reason businesses exist is to create value – either by making something or by doing something useful for people. Goods are physical products you can touch, like a pair of trainers or a sandwich. Services are intangible things done for you, like a haircut, a bus journey or an online game subscription.
先回想最基本的问题：什么是商务？商务是指提供商品或服务以满足顾客需要和想望的任何组织。企业存在的主要原因就是创造价值——要么制造某种东西，要么为人们做有用的事。商品是你摸得着的实物产品，比如运动鞋、三明治。服务是为你完成的、无形的事项，比如理发、公交出行或网络游戏订阅。
Today’s goal is to be able to explain the terms ‘good’, ‘service’, ‘customer’, ‘consumer’, ‘want’ and ‘need’. A need is something you cannot live without, such as water or basic shelter. A want is something you would like to have but do not need for survival, such as a new mobile phone. Customers buy the product, while consumers are the ones who actually use it – they are often the same person, but not always. For example, a parent buying a child’s toy is the customer, and the child is the consumer.
今天的目标是能解释“商品”“服务”“顾客”“消费者”“想望”“需要”这些术语。需要是生存必不可少的，比如水、基本住所。想望是你想要但非生存所必需的东西，比如新款手机。顾客购买产品，消费者是真正使用产品的人——他们往往是同一个人，但并非总是如此。例如，家长给孩子买玩具，家长是顾客，孩子是消费者。
Quick task: Write down three goods and three services you have used today. Then identify the customer and consumer for each one. This will help you see that businesses are all around you.
小任务：写下你今天用到的三件商品和三项服务，并指出每项的顾客和消费者。这会帮你发现商务其实无处不在。
2. Day 2: Business Aims and Objectives | 第2天：企业目标
Every business sets aims and objectives to give it direction. An aim is a general, long-term goal – for example, ‘to make a profit’ or ‘to grow our customer base’. Objectives are more specific and measurable steps that help the business achieve its aims. A good way to remember what makes a strong objective is the SMART rule: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound.
每个企业都会设定目标来指引方向。宗旨（aim）是概括的长期目标，例如“实现盈利”“扩大顾客群”。目标（objective）则是更具体、可衡量的步骤，帮助企业实现宗旨。记住有效目标的方法就是 SMART 原则：具体（Specific）、可衡量（Measurable）、可实现（Achievable）、相关（Relevant）、有时限（Time-bound）。
Businesses do not all have the same aims. A new start-up might aim simply to survive and break even, while a well-established company may aim to maximise profit or increase its market share. Some businesses also have social aims, such as reducing environmental impact or providing jobs in their local community. It is important to understand that profit is the money left over after all costs have been paid; it is a reward for risk-taking and can be reinvested into the business.
企业的宗旨不一定相同。新创企业可能只是希望生存下来并达到盈亏平衡，而成熟企业可能致力于利润最大化或扩大市场份额。有些企业还有社会目标，比如减轻对环境的冲击或在当地创造就业。要明白，利润是支付全部成本后剩下的钱；它是对承担风险的回报，也可以再投资到企业中。
Quick task: Think of a business you know (a local shop, a gaming company, a charity shop). Write down what you think its main aim might be and create one SMART objective that could help it reach that aim.
小任务：想一个你了解的企业（本地小店、游戏公司、慈善商店）。写下你认为它的主要宗旨，并制定一个有助于实现该宗旨的 SMART 目标。
3. Day 3: Entrepreneurs and Enterprise | 第3天：企业家与创业精神
Entrepreneurs are people who spot opportunities, take risks and bring together the other factors of production to start and run a business. They are not just business owners; they are innovators who create new products, improve processes and respond to changing customer needs. The three other factors of production are land (natural resources), labour (workers) and capital (machinery, tools and buildings). Enterprise is the factor that organises the other three.
企业家是指善于发现机会、承担风险，并把其他生产要素组织起来创建并运营企业的人。他们不单是企业的所有者；他们更是创新者，能够创造新产品、改进流程并响应顾客不断变化的需求。另外三个生产要素是土地（自然资源）、劳动（工人）和资本（机器、工具和建筑物）。创业精神就是把其他三个要素组织起来的要素。
Key characteristics of successful entrepreneurs include creativity, willingness to take calculated risks, determination, confidence and the ability to learn from mistakes. Many young people wonder if they could be entrepreneurs one day – the answer is yes, if you develop these skills. Even at Year 7, taking part in school enterprise activities, solving problems for your family or selling homemade crafts can help you build an enterprising mindset.
成功企业家的关键特质包括创造力、愿冒可控的风险、决心、自信以及从错误中学习的能力。不少年轻人会想，自己将来能否成为企业家——答案是肯定的，只要你培养这些技能。即使还在 Year 7，参加学校的企业活动、为家人解决实际问题、出售自制手工艺品，都能帮助你培养进取型思维。
Quick task: Choose one famous entrepreneur (e.g. an inventor, a tech founder, a local business person). List three characteristics that helped them succeed and explain how each one might have been useful in their journey.
小任务：选择一位知名企业家（如某位发明家、科技公司创始人、本地商人）。列出帮助他们成功的三个特质，并说明每种特质在他们的创业过程中可能发挥了什么作用。
4. Day 4: Business Sectors | 第4天：行业部门
Businesses can be grouped into three main sectors of the economy: primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary sector involves extracting or harvesting raw materials directly from nature, such as farming, fishing, mining and forestry. The secondary sector uses these raw materials to manufacture or construct goods – for example, car factories, bakeries and building companies. The tertiary sector provides services to consumers and other businesses, ranging from retail and transport to banking and education.
企业可以归入三大经济部门：第一产业、第二产业和第三产业。第一产业直接从自然界获取或采收原材料，如农业、渔业、矿业和林业。第二产业运用这些原材料制造或建造产品，例如汽车工厂、面包房和建筑公司。第三产业向消费者和其他企业提供服务，范围从零售、运输到银行、教育。
In a developed country like the UK, most people work in the tertiary or service sector. You might also hear about the quaternary sector, which involves knowledge-based services like IT and research. Understanding sectors helps you see how businesses are interlinked: a farmer grows wheat (primary), a mill turns it into flour (secondary), and a supermarket sells the flour along with bread and cakes (tertiary). All three sectors must work together to get products to customers.
在像英国这样的发达国家，大多数人从事第三产业或服务业。你可能还会听到第四产业，它是基于知识的服务，如信息技术和研究。了解这些部门有助于你理解企业之间的关联：农民种小麦（第一产业），磨坊将其磨成面粉（第二产业），超市销售面粉以及面包、蛋糕（第三产业）。三个部门必须协同合作，才能将产品送到顾客手中。
Quick task: Draw a simple chain for a product you use every day, such as a chocolate bar or a cotton T-shirt. Label which part of the chain belongs to the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.
小任务：为你每天使用的某个产品（如巧克力棒、棉T恤）画一条简单的链条。在链条的每个环节标出它属于第一、第二还是第三产业。
5. Day 5: Supply and Demand | 第5天：供给与需求
Supply and demand are the foundation of how markets work. Demand is the quantity of a product that customers are willing and able to buy at a given price. Supply is the quantity that producers are willing and able to sell. When demand for a product is high but supply is limited, prices tend to rise. When supply is plentiful but there is little demand, prices usually fall. This is sometimes called the ‘law of supply and demand’.
供给与需求是市场运作的基础。需求是指在某一价格下，顾客愿意并且能够购买的数量。供给是指生产者愿意并且能够出售的数量。当某产品需求高而供给有限时，价格通常会上升。当供给充足但需求很低时，价格通常会下降。这有时被称为“供需法则”。
Many factors can shift demand and supply. Demand might increase because of a successful advertising campaign, a change in tastes, a rise in people’s incomes or a fall in the price of complementary goods. Supply can shift because of changes in production costs, improvements in technology, weather conditions (especially for agricultural products) or the number of sellers in the market. For the WJEC Year 7 course, you should be able to use simple demand and supply curves to explain why prices change.
许多因素会使需求或供给发生移动。需求可能因广告活动成功、品味改变、人们收入增加或互补品价格下降而增加。供给则可能因生产成本变化、技术改进、天气条件（尤其对农产品）或市场中卖家人数变化而移动。在 WJEC Year 7 课程中，你应能用简单的需求曲线和供给曲线解释价格为何变动。
Quick task: Imagine a new games console is released just before Christmas. Describe what is likely to happen to its price if shops only have a limited number of units but hundreds of customers want one. Explain your answer using the terms ‘demand’ and ‘supply’.
小任务：想象一款新游戏机在圣诞节前发布。如果商店只有少量库存，但成百上千的顾客都想购买，描述其价格可能发生的变化。用“需求”和“供给”两个术语解释你的回答。
6. Day 6: Markets and Competition | 第6天：市场与竞争
A market is any place or mechanism where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods, services or information. It does not have to be a physical place like a high street shop; it can be online, over the phone or even through an app. Competition refers to the number of businesses offering similar products to the same group of customers. The more competitors there are, the harder each business has to work to attract customers.
市场是指买家和卖家聚集起来交换商品、服务或信息的任何地方或机制。它不一定非得是实体场所，如高街店铺；也可以在线上、通过电话甚至应用程序完成。竞争是指为同一批顾客提供类似产品的企业数量。竞争对手越多，每个企业就越要努力吸引顾客。
Competition can affect price, quality, customer service and innovation. When there are many sellers, prices are often lower and quality higher because customers can easily switch. Where there is little or no competition, a business might have more control over its prices – this is called a monopoly. Students often get confused between ‘market’ and ‘industry’: the market is the group of buyers and sellers, while the industry is the collection of businesses producing similar goods.
竞争会影响价格、质量、顾客服务和创新。当卖方众多时，价格往往更低，质量更高，因为顾客可以轻易转向别家。如果竞争很少或没有竞争，企业可能对价格有更大的控制力——这称为垄断。学生常常混淆“市场”和“行业”：市场是买方和卖方的群体，而行业是生产相似商品的企业集合。
Quick task: Look at three different pizza delivery businesses in your area online. Compare their prices, offers and customer reviews. Write a short paragraph about how competition between them might benefit customers like you.
小任务：在线浏览你所在地区的三家不同披萨外卖公司。比较它们的价格、优惠活动和顾客评价。写一小段话说明它们之间的竞争如何让像你这样的顾客受益。
7. Day 7: Revenue, Costs and Profit | 第7天：收入、成本与利润
These three terms are crucial for understanding whether a business is successful. Revenue is the money a business earns from selling its goods or services. It is calculated by multiplying the selling price per unit by the number of units sold. Costs are all the expenses a business pays out, such as raw materials, wages, rent and electricity bills. Profit is the amount left when total costs are subtracted from total revenue.
这三个术语对于判断一家企业是否成功至关重要。收入是企业通过出售商品或服务赚来的钱，计算方法是用单位售价乘以售出的数量。成本是企业支付的所有开支，如原材料、工资、租金和电费。利润是总收入减去总成本后剩下的金额。
Businesses must pay both fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs do not change with output – rent is a good example because you pay the same amount no matter how many items you produce. Variable costs change directly with output – if a bakery makes more cakes, it will need more flour, eggs and sugar. When revenue is exactly equal to costs, the business reaches break-even; it makes neither a profit nor a loss. Profit can be reinvested, saved or distributed to owners.
企业必须同时支付固定成本和变动成本。固定成本不随产出变化——租金就是一个好例子，因为无论你生产多少件产品，支付的租金都相同。变动成本随产出直接变化——如果一家面包坊制作更多蛋糕，就需要更多面粉、鸡蛋和糖。当收入恰好等于成本时，企业达到盈亏平衡；既不盈利也不亏损。利润可以被再投资、储蓄或分配给所有者。
Quick task: A young entrepreneur sells handmade bracelets for £5 each. Each bracelet costs £2 in materials, and she pays £20 for a market stall. If she sells 10 bracelets, calculate her total revenue, total costs and profit. Show your working clearly.
小任务：一位年轻创业者出售手工手链，每条定价 5 英镑。每条手链的材料成本为 2 英镑，她还支付了市场摊位费 20 英镑。假如她售出 10 条手链，请计算总收入、总成本和利润，并清楚地写出计算步骤。
8. Day 8: Introduction to Marketing | 第8天：市场营销入门
Marketing is more than just advertising. It is all the activities a business does to find out what customers want, to develop products that meet those wants, to set the right price and to make customers aware of what is on offer. The marketing mix – also known as the 4Ps – is a simple model that helps businesses make decisions: Product, Price, Place and Promotion. Product means the good or service itself and its features. Price is how much customers pay. Place refers to where the product is sold and how it gets there. Promotion covers all the ways the business communicates with customers, including advertising, social media and special offers.
营销不仅仅是广告。它是一家企业为弄清顾客需求、开发满足这些需求的产品、设定合适价格以及让顾客知晓产品而做的一切活动。营销组合——也称 4P 理论——是一个帮助企业决策的简单模型：产品（Product）、价格（Price）、渠道（Place）和促销（Promotion）。产品指商品或服务本身及其特性。价格指顾客支付多少。渠道指产品在哪里出售以及如何到达那里。促销则涵盖了企业与顾客沟通的所有方式，包括广告、社交媒体和特价优惠。
WJEC Year 7 students are not expected to plan a full marketing campaign, but you should be able to identify the 4Ps in a simple business scenario. For example, think about a new fizzy drink. The product might be a zero-sugar cola in a recyclable can. The price might be set slightly lower than famous brands to attract trial. The place could be local convenience stores and school canteens. The promotion might be free samples given out at a sports event. A well-balanced marketing mix considers all four elements together, not just one.
WJEC Year 7 学生不需要规划完整的营销活动，但应能在简单的商业情境中识别 4P。例如，想象一款新汽水。产品可能是一款可回收易拉罐装的无糖可乐。价格可能设定得比知名品牌稍低，以吸引试用。渠道可能是本地便利店和学校食堂。促销可能是在一场体育赛事中发放免费样品。均衡的营销组合需要综合考虑全部四个要素，而非只关注其中之一。
Quick task: Choose a product you really enjoy (a snack, game, app or piece of clothing). Describe its marketing mix using the 4Ps. For each ‘P’, write one or two sentences explaining what the business does.
小任务：选择一件你真正喜欢的产品（零食、游戏、手机应用或服装）。用 4P 模型描述它的营销组合。针对每个“P”写一到两句话，说明企业是怎么做的。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
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