📚 Year 7 WJEC Economics: Transition Guide | Year 7 WJEC 经济：升学衔接指南
Welcome to your Year 7 Economics transition guide. This resource is designed to help you understand what Economics is, the key concepts you will explore in the WJEC curriculum, and how to prepare for a successful year. Whether you are just starting secondary school or looking to refresh your knowledge, this guide provides a clear pathway.
欢迎阅读七年级经济学升学衔接指南。本资源旨在帮助你理解经济学是什么，你将探索的WJEC课程关键概念，以及如何为成功的一年做好准备。无论你是刚上中学还是想巩固知识，本指南都提供了一个清晰的路径。
1. Welcome to Year 7 Economics | 欢迎学习七年级经济学
The WJEC Year 7 Economics course introduces you to the world of financial literacy and basic economic thinking. You will learn about how people make choices, how businesses operate, and how money works in everyday life.
WJEC七年级经济学课程将向你介绍金融素养和基本经济思维的世界。你将学习人们如何做出选择、企业如何运作、以及货币在日常生活中的作用。
This transition guide helps you build a solid foundation before lessons begin. By understanding key terms early, you will feel more confident in class.
这本衔接指南帮助你在课程开始前打下坚实基础。通过提前理解关键术语，你会在课堂上感到更自信。
2. What is Economics? | 什么是经济学？
Economics is the study of how people use limited resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. It looks at decisions made by individuals, businesses, and governments.
经济学研究人们如何利用有限的资源来满足无限的欲望。它关注个人、企业和政府做出的决策。
The word ‘economics’ comes from the Greek word ‘oikonomia’, meaning household management. Just like managing a home, economics is about managing resources wisely.
“经济学”这个词源自希腊语”oikonomia”，意思是家庭管理。就像管理一个家，经济学就是明智地管理资源。
3. The Economic Problem: Scarcity | 经济问题：稀缺性
Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem. It means that there are not enough resources to produce everything that people want.
稀缺性是基本的经济问题。这意味着没有足够的资源来生产人们想要的一切。
Because of scarcity, we must make choices. You cannot have all the video games and all the books you want; you need to choose.
由于稀缺性，我们必须做出选择。你不可能拥有所有想要的电子游戏和书籍，你需要选择。
Scarcity applies to time, money, and natural resources. Even the richest person faces scarcity of time.
稀缺性适用于时间、金钱和自然资源。即使是首富也面临时间的稀缺。
4. Needs and Wants | 需要与欲望
Needs are things we must have to survive, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing. Wants are things we would like to have but are not essential, like toys, smartphones, and holidays.
需要是我们生存必须拥有的东西，如食物、水、住所和衣服。欲望是我们想要但并非必需的东西，如玩具、智能手机和假期。
Distinguishing between needs and wants helps us make better spending decisions. In economics, this difference is important for understanding consumer behaviour.
区分需要与欲望有助于我们做出更好的消费决策。在经济学中，这种区别对于理解消费者行为很重要。
5. Making Choices: Opportunity Cost | 做出选择：机会成本
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that you give up when you make a choice. For example, if you spend your pocket money on a football, the opportunity cost might be the book you could have bought instead.
机会成本是当你做出选择时所放弃的次优选择的价值。例如，如果你把零花钱花在一个足球上，机会成本可能就是原本可以买的那本书。
Understanding opportunity cost encourages you to think about what you are sacrificing. Every decision has a trade-off.
理解机会成本鼓励你思考你在牺牲什么。每个决定都有权衡。
6. Factors of Production | 生产要素
The factors of production are the resources used to produce goods and services. They are land, labour, capital, and enterprise.
生产要素是用于生产商品和服务的资源。它们是土地、劳动、资本和企业精神。
Land includes all natural resources like water, minerals, and forests. Labour is human effort. Capital is machinery and tools. Enterprise is the skill of bringing the other factors together to start a business.
土地包括所有自然资源，如水、矿物和森林。劳动是人的努力。资本是机器和工具。企业精神是将其他要素结合起来创业的技能。
7. Introduction to Markets | 市场入门
A market is any place where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods or services. This can be a physical shop or an online platform.
市场是买家和卖家聚集交换商品或服务的任何地方。这可以是实体商店或在线平台。
In a market, prices are determined by the interaction of supply and demand. When many people want a product, the price tends to rise.
在市场中，价格由供给和需求的相互作用决定。当许多人想要一个产品时，价格往往会上升。
8. Supply and Demand Basics | 供给与需求基础
Demand is the quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices. Supply is the quantity that producers are willing and able to sell.
需求是消费者在不同价格下愿意并能够购买的产品数量。供给是生产者愿意并能够出售的数量。
The law of demand states that, all else being equal, as price increases, quantity demanded decreases. The law of supply states that, as price increases, quantity supplied increases.
需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，价格上升，需求量下降。供给定律指出，价格上升，供给量增加。
Here is a simple demand schedule for candy bars that shows how quantity demanded falls when price rises:
下面是一个简单的糖果棒需求表，展示了当价格上升时需求量如何下降：
| Price per candy bar (£) | Quantity Demanded |
|---|---|
| 0.50 | 10 |
| 0.75 | 6 |
| 1.00 | 3 |
This pattern helps economists predict how buyers will react to price changes.
这种模式帮助经济学家预测买家对价格变化的反应。
9. Money and Its Functions | 货币及其功能
Money is anything that is widely accepted as a means of payment. It serves three main functions: medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account.
货币是被广泛接受作为支付手段的任何东西。它有三个主要功能：交换媒介、价值储藏和记账单位。
Before money, people used barter, which required a double coincidence of wants. Money solves this problem.
在货币出现之前，人们使用物物交换，这需要欲望的双重巧合。货币解决了这个问题。
10. Budgeting and Personal Finance | 预算与个人理财
A budget is a plan for how to spend and save your money. It helps you track income and expenses to avoid overspending.
预算是如何花费和储蓄金钱的计划。它帮助你跟踪收入和支出，避免超支。
Creating a simple budget is an essential skill. Start by listing your weekly pocket money (income) and then plan your essential spending and savings.
创建一个简单的预算是一项基本技能。首先列出你每周的零花钱（收入），然后计划你的必要支出和储蓄。
11. How to Succeed in Year 7 Economics | 如何在七年级经济学中取得成功
Stay curious and ask questions. Economics is everywhere – in the news, in your home, and in your school cafeteria. Relate what you learn to real-world examples.
保持好奇心，多提问。经济学无处不在–新闻里、家里、学校食堂里。将你学到的知识与现实世界的例子联系起来。
Use flashcards to remember key terms like scarcity, opportunity cost, and supply. Practice explaining concepts to a friend or family member.
使用闪卡来记忆稀缺性、机会成本和供给等关键术语。尝试向朋友或家人解释这些概念。
Complete your homework on time and review notes regularly. These habits will help you bridge smoothly to Year 8.
按时完成作业，定期复习笔记。这些习惯将帮助你顺利衔接到八年级。
12. Looking Ahead: Bridging to Year 8 | 展望未来：衔接到八年级
In Year 8, you will build on these foundations by exploring more complex topics like market structures, government intervention, and global trade.
在八年级，你将在这些基础上拓展，探索更复杂的主题，如市场结构、政府干预和全球贸易。
Use this transition guide to identify any areas you need to strengthen over the summer. A solid grasp of Year 7 concepts makes Year 8 much easier.
利用这份衔接指南，找出暑假期间需要加强的领域。牢固掌握七年级的概念会让八年级轻松许多。
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