📚 Year 7 WJEC Politics: Core Knowledge Overview | Year 7 WJEC 政治：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your WJEC Year 7 Politics revision guide. This article unpacks the core knowledge you need to understand how the United Kingdom is governed, what rights and responsibilities you have, and why active citizenship matters. Each section is designed to help you revise key ideas clearly and confidently.
欢迎阅读 WJEC Year 7 政治复习指南。本文梳理了你需要掌握的核心知识，帮助你理解英国的治理方式、你拥有的权利与责任，以及为什么积极的公民参与如此重要。每一节都旨在让你清晰、自信地复习关键概念。
1. What is Politics? | 什么是政治？
Politics is the process of making collective decisions for a group or a whole country. It involves discussing different viewpoints, resolving disagreements, and deciding how to share limited resources such as money, time, and public spaces.
政治是为一个群体或整个国家做出集体决策的过程。它涉及讨论不同的观点、解决分歧，以及决定如何分配金钱、时间和公共空间等有限资源。
Politics is not only about governments and parliaments; it happens in your school council, local community groups, and even within your family. Understanding politics helps you realise that your voice can make a difference.
政治不仅关乎政府和议会；它也发生在你的学生会、当地社区团体，甚至你的家庭中。理解政治能让你意识到自己的声音可以带来改变。
2. Democracy and Its Values | 民主及其价值观
Democracy is a system in which citizens have the power to choose their leaders and influence decisions, usually through voting. The word originates from the Greek ‘dēmokratía’, meaning ‘rule by the people’.
民主是一种公民有权选择其领导人并影响决策的制度，通常通过投票实现。这个词源于希腊语“dēmokratía”，意为“由人民统治”。
Key values of democracy include fairness, equality, freedom of speech, and respect for different opinions. In a democratic society, the majority decides, but the rights of minorities must still be protected.
民主的关键价值观包括公平、平等、言论自由以及尊重不同意见。在民主社会中，多数人做出决定，但少数群体的权利也必须得到保护。
The UK is a representative democracy, meaning citizens elect Members of Parliament (MPs) to make decisions on their behalf. This is different from direct democracy, where people vote on every issue themselves.
英国是一个代议制民主国家，这意味着公民选举议员（MPs）代表他们做出决策。这与直接民主不同，后者由人民自己对每个问题进行投票。
3. The UK Parliament | 英国议会
The UK Parliament is the supreme law-making body. It is made up of three parts: the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarch (the King or Queen). Parliament is where new laws are debated, scrutinised, and passed.
英国议会是最高立法机构。它由三部分组成：下议院、上议院和君主（国王或女王）。议会是新法律辩论、审查和通过的地方。
The House of Commons consists of 650 elected MPs, each representing a constituency. The political party with the most MPs usually forms the government, while the second-largest party becomes the official opposition, challenging and checking the government’s work.
下议院由650名当选议员组成，每人代表一个选区。拥有最多议员席位的政党通常组建政府，而第二大党成为官方反对党，负责挑战和审查政府的工作。
The House of Lords is made up of appointed members, including life peers, bishops, and hereditary peers. They review legislation and can suggest amendments, but their power to block laws passed by the Commons is limited.
上议院由任命成员组成，包括终身贵族、主教和世袭贵族。他们审查立法并可以提出修正案，但否决下议院通过的法案的权力有限。
4. Government and the Prime Minister | 政府与首相
The government is responsible for running the country and putting laws into action. It is led by the Prime Minister, who is the leader of the political party that can command a majority in the House of Commons.
政府负责管理国家并执行法律。它由首相领导，首相是能够在下议院获得多数席位的政党领袖。
The Prime Minister selects a group of senior MPs and Lords to form the Cabinet. Each Cabinet minister heads a government department, such as the Treasury, the Home Office, or the Department for Education. Together they make major policy decisions.
首相挑选一组资深议员和贵族组成内阁。每位内阁大臣主管一个政府部门，例如财政部、内政部或教育部。他们共同制定重大政策决定。
The government is held accountable to Parliament through questions, debates and select committees. This ensures that those in power must explain their actions and can be challenged if they misuse power.
政府通过质询、辩论和特别委员会向议会负责。这确保了掌权者必须解释其行为，如果滥用权力就会受到挑战。
5. How Laws Are Made | 法律是如何制定的
A proposed new law is called a bill. Most bills start in the House of Commons, where they go through several stages known as readings. MPs debate the bill’s principles, examine it in detail, and vote on whether it should proceed.
一项新法律的提议称为法案。大多数法案始于下议院，在那里经过几个称为“读会”的阶段。议员们辩论法案的原则，详细审查内容，并投票决定是否让它继续推进。
After passing the Commons, the bill moves to the House of Lords for further scrutiny. Both houses must agree on the final wording. Finally, the Monarch gives formal approval, known as Royal Assent, and the bill becomes an Act of Parliament, enforceable as law.
法案在下议院通过后，移至上议院进一步审查。两院必须就最终文本达成一致。最后，君主给予正式批准，即御准，法案便成为议会法令，作为法律强制执行。
Not all laws are created by Parliament; some are made by local councils (by-laws) or by government ministers using delegated powers. Understanding this process helps you see why laws affect everyday life, from school attendance to recycling rules.
并非所有法律都由议会制定；一些由地方议会（地方法规）或政府大臣通过授权权力制定。了解这一过程有助于你明白为什么法律影响日常生活，从学校出勤到回收规则。
6. Rights and Responsibilities | 权利与责任
Rights are the basic freedoms and protections that every person is entitled to. In the UK, these include the right to life, education, a fair trial, and freedom of expression. Many of these rights are enshrined in the Human Rights Act 1998.
权利是每个人应享有的基本自由和保护。在英国，这些权利包括生命权、受教育权、获得公正审判的权利和言论自由权。其中许多权利被载入《1998年人权法案》。
Children have special rights under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), which the UK has signed. These include the right to be heard, the right to play, and the right to be protected from harm.
根据英国签署的《联合国儿童权利公约》（UNCRC），儿童拥有特殊权利。这些权利包括表达意见的权利、玩耍的权利和免受伤害的权利。
With rights come responsibilities. Every citizen has a duty to respect the rights of others, obey the law, and contribute positively to their community. For example, you have the right to use public parks, but you also have the responsibility to keep them clean and not damage them.
有权利就有责任。每个公民都有责任尊重他人的权利、遵守法律并为社区做出积极贡献。例如，你有使用公园的权利，但也有保持公园清洁、不破坏公物的责任。
7. Voting and Elections | 选举与投票
Voting is the most direct way for citizens to influence who represents them. In UK general elections, which usually take place every five years, voters elect MPs to the House of Commons using a system called first-past-the-post.
投票是公民影响谁代表他们的最直接方式。在英国通常每五年举行一次的大选中，选民使用一种称为“简单多数制”的制度选举下议院议员。
In first-past-the-post, the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins, even if they do not get more than half of all votes. This system tends to produce strong majority governments but is sometimes criticised for not fully reflecting the share of votes each party receives nationally.
在简单多数制中，每个选区得票最多的候选人获胜，即使他们没有得到超过半数的选票。这种制度往往产生强大的多数政府，但有时被批评不能完全反映各政党在全国获得的选票比例。
Other elections in the UK include local council elections, elections for the Welsh Parliament (Senedd Cymru), and the Scottish Parliament. Young people in Wales can vote in Senedd elections from the age of 16, which is different from general elections where the age is 18.
英国的其他选举包括地方议会选举、威尔士议会（Senedd Cymru）选举和苏格兰议会选举。威尔士的年轻人从16岁起就可以在议会选举中投票，这与大选年龄为18岁不同。
8. Political Parties | 政党
Political parties are groups of people who share similar ideas about how the country should be run. They develop policies on issues such as education, health, the environment, and taxation, and compete for public support during elections.
政党是一群对国家如何治理持相似观点的人。他们就教育、卫生、环境和税收等问题制定政策，并在选举中争取公众支持。
The UK has a multi-party system. The main parties at Westminster include the Conservative Party, the Labour Party, and the Liberal Democrats. In Wales, Plaid Cymru is a significant party that campaigns for Welsh interests and greater self-government.
英国实行多党制。威斯敏斯特的主要政党包括保守党、工党和自由民主党。在威尔士，威尔士党（Plaid Cymru）是一个倡导威尔士利益和更大自治权的重要政党。
Parties also operate at a local level, selecting candidates to stand for council seats. Knowing what different parties stand for helps voters make informed choices and hold the government to account between elections.
政党也在地方层面运作，挑选候选人竞选议会席位。了解不同政党的主张有助于选民做出明智选择，并在选举间歇期对政府进行问责。
9. The Media and Politics | 媒体与政治
The media – including newspapers, television, radio, and online platforms – plays a powerful role in politics. It informs the public about government actions, investigates stories, and provides a forum for debate.
媒体——包括报纸、电视、广播和网络平台——在政治中扮演着强大的角色。它向公众通报政府行动，调查新闻事件，并提供辩论的论坛。
Sometimes called the ‘fourth estate’, the media is expected to hold those in power to account. A free press is an essential part of a democracy, but it is important to recognise that media organisations can have their own biases and may present information with a particular slant.
媒体有时被称为“第四权力”，它被期望对掌权者进行问责。新闻自由是民主的重要组成部分，但重要的是要认识到媒体机构可能有自己的偏见，并可能以特定倾向呈现信息。
Social media has changed how people engage with politics, allowing citizens to share opinions instantly and campaign on issues they care about. However, it also spreads misinformation quickly, so checking facts and using reliable sources is a vital skill for young citizens.
社交媒体改变了人们参与政治的方式，允许公民即时分享意见并就他们关心的问题发起运动。然而，它也能迅速传播错误信息，因此核实事实并使用可靠来源是年轻公民的重要技能。
10. Active Citizenship and Participation | 积极的公民参与
Being an active citizen means more than just voting. It involves taking part in your community, speaking up about issues that matter, and working with others to make positive changes. In school, you can practise citizenship by joining the school council or eco-committee.
做一名积极的公民不仅仅意味着投票。它包括参与你的社区、对重要问题发表意见，并与他人合作带来积极的改变。在学校里，你可以通过加入学生会或环保委员会来实践公民身份。
There are many ways to participate in democracy outside elections: writing to an MP, signing a petition, taking part in a peaceful protest, or volunteering for a local charity. These actions can influence decisions and improve life for everyone.
在选举之外，有许多参与民主的方式：给议员写信、签署请愿书、参加和平抗议，或为当地慈善机构做志愿者。这些行动可以影响决策并改善每个人的生活。
Wales places a strong emphasis on the well-being of future generations, and young people are encouraged to contribute to conversations about sustainability and fairness. Your involvement now can help shape a more just and inclusive society.
威尔士非常重视子孙后代的福祉，并鼓励年轻人为有关可持续性和公平的对话做出贡献。你现在的参与可以帮助塑造一个更加公正和包容的社会。
Published by TutorHao | WJEC Year 7 Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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