📚 Year 7 WJEC Politics: Formulas and Key Principles Quick Reference | Year 7 WJEC 政治：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to the Year 7 WJEC Politics Quick Reference Handbook. This guide transforms essential political ideas into easy-to-remember formulas and principles. Grasping how democracy, government, and rights operate is a vital step towards becoming an informed and active citizen.
欢迎使用 Year 7 WJEC 政治速查手册。本指南将基本的政治概念转化为易记的公式和原理。理解民主、政府和权利如何运作，是成为知情而活跃的公民的关键一步。
1. What is Politics? | 什么是政治？
Politics is the process by which people in groups make decisions, distribute power, and resolve disagreements. A handy starting formula is: Politics = Power + Decision-making + Conflict Resolution. This reminds us that politics is not just about government; it happens in schools, families, and communities whenever collective choices are made.
政治是人们在群体中做决策、分配权力和解决分歧的过程。一个实用的起始公式是：政治 = 权力 + 决策 + 冲突解决。这提醒我们，政治不仅仅是政府的事情；只要需要做出集体选择，它就会发生在学校、家庭和社区中。
Another classic view defines politics as answering ‘who gets what, when, and how’. The ‘who’ refers to individuals or groups, ‘what’ to resources and opportunities, and ‘how’ to the rules and institutions that shape distribution.
另一种经典观点将政治定义为回答“谁得到什么、何时得到、如何得到”。其中“谁”指个人或群体，“什么”指资源和机会，“如何”指塑造分配方式的规则和制度。
Politics = Power + Decision-making + Conflict Resolution
2. Democracy: Rule by the People | 民主：人民统治
Democracy originates from the Greek words ‘demos’ (people) and ‘kratos’ (rule). At its heart, democracy is about popular control over public decision-making. The core democratic equation can be written as: Democracy = Free & Fair Elections + Rule of Law + Protection of Rights.
民主一词源于希腊语“demos”（人民）和“kratos”（统治）。民主的核心在于公众对公共决策的控制。核心民主等式可以写作：民主 = 自由公正的选举 + 法治 + 权利保护。
In the United Kingdom, we live in a representative democracy. Citizens vote for Members of Parliament (MPs) who make laws and scrutinise the government on their behalf. This differs from direct democracy, where people vote on every issue themselves.
在英国，我们生活在代议制民主中。公民投票选举国会议员，由议员代表他们制定法律并监督政府。这有别于直接民主，在直接民主中人们亲自对每个议题投票。
Democracy = Free & Fair Elections + Rule of Law + Protection of Rights
3. The UK Parliament | 英国议会
The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme law-making body. It consists of three constitutional parts: the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarch. We can express this as: Parliament = House of Commons + House of Lords + Monarch (Royal Assent).
英国议会是最高立法机构。它由三个宪制部分组成：下议院、上议院和君主。我们可以将其表达为：议会 = 下议院 + 上议院 + 君主（御准）。
The House of Commons is the elected chamber, making it the most powerful element. The House of Lords is an appointed chamber that revises legislation. The Monarch’s role is now largely ceremonial; Royal Assent is needed to turn a bill into law, but it is never refused in modern times.
下议院是经选举产生的议院，因而是最有权力的部分。上议院是一个负责修订立法的任命制议院。君主的角色如今主要是礼仪性的；御准是将法案变为法律所必需的，但在现代从未被拒绝。
Parliament = Commons + Lords + Royal Assent → Law
4. Political Parties | 政党
A political party is an organised group of people who share similar ideas about how to govern. Parties aim to win political power by putting forward candidates in elections. The basic party formula is: Party = Shared Beliefs + Policy Platform + Seeking Power.
政党是一群对如何治理国家持有相似理念的有组织群体。政党旨在通过在选举中推出候选人来赢得政治权力。基本的政党公式为：政党 = 共同信仰 + 政策纲领 + 寻求执政权。
Before a general election, each party publishes a manifesto. This document lists the promises they intend to keep if they form a government. Voters compare manifestos to decide which party best matches their own views and needs.
在大选之前，每个政党都会发布一份宣言。这份文件列出了如果他们组建政府打算兑现的承诺。选民通过比较宣言来决定哪个政党最符合自己的观点和需求。
Party Influence = Manifesto Promises × Voter Trust
5. Elections and Voting | 选举与投票
Elections are the mechanism through which citizens choose their representatives. For UK general elections, the voting system is called First Past the Post (FPTP). Under FPTP, the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins a seat in the House of Commons.
选举是公民选择其代表的机制。在英国大选中，投票制度称为“领先者当选”（FPTP）。在 FPTP 制度下，各个选区获得最多票数的候选人赢得下议院席位。
This system tends to produce strong majority governments but can leave smaller parties underrepresented. A simple way to remember the result: Winning a Seat = Highest Number of Votes in the Constituency.
这种制度往往会产生强大的多数政府，但可能使小党代表性不足。一个简单的记忆方式：赢得席位 = 在选区中获得最高票数。
Winning a Seat (FPTP) = Most Votes in Constituency
6. Rights and Responsibilities | 权利与责任
Rights are legal or moral entitlements that every person holds. In the UK, rights such as free speech, fair trial, and education are protected by acts of Parliament and the Human Rights Act 1998. A fundamental principle of citizenship is that rights come with responsibilities.
权利是每个人所拥有的法律或道德应享权益。在英国，言论自由、公正审判和受教育等权利受到议会法案和 1998 年《人权法案》的保护。公民身份的一项基本原则是权利伴随责任。
We can sum this up as: Good Citizenship = Exercising Rights + Fulfilling Responsibilities. Responsibilities include obeying the law, paying taxes, serving on a jury if asked, and respecting the rights of others.
我们可以将其概括为：良好公民 = 行使权利 + 履行责任。责任包括遵守法律、纳税、在需要时担任陪审员，以及尊重他人的权利。
Citizenship = Rights + Responsibilities
7. The Rule of Law | 法治
The rule of law is a foundational principle meaning that everyone is subject to the law, including government officials and the wealthy. No one is above the law. It ensures that power is exercised within a framework of known and accepted rules.
法治是一项基本原则，指包括政府官员和富人在内的所有人都受法律约束。没有人可以凌驾于法律之上。它确保权力在一个已知且被接受的规则框架内行使。
The core components can be combined as: Rule of Law = Equality Before the Law + Independent Courts + Fair Legal Processes. Laws must be clear, public, and applied consistently to all individuals.
其核心组成部分可组合为：法治 = 法律面前人人平等 + 独立的法院 + 公正的法律程序。法律必须明确、公开，并对所有个人一视同仁。
Rule of Law = Equality + Independent Judges + Fair Process
8. Government and Power | 政府与权力
Government is the administrative body that runs the state, proposes laws, and implements policies. In the UK, the government is formed by the political party with a majority of seats in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister leads the government as its head.
政府是管理国家、提出法律并实施政策的行政机关。在英国，政府由在下议院拥有多数席位的政党组成。首相作为政府首脑领导政府。
Political authority depends on legitimacy. A government’s power is stable when it has the consent of the people and a clear electoral mandate. We can represent this as: Authority = Electoral Mandate + Public Trust. Without trust, a government may struggle to rule effectively.
政治权威依赖于合法性。当政府拥有人民同意和明确的选举授权时，其权力才会稳固。我们可以表示为：权威 = 选举授权 + 公众信任。没有信任，政府可能难以有效治理。
Authority = Electoral Mandate + Public Trust
9. Key Concepts: Freedom, Equality, Justice | 自由、平等、正义
Freedom refers to the ability to think, speak, and act without unjust control. It is often separated into negative freedom (freedom from interference) and positive freedom (the capacity to act). Equality is about ensuring every person has fair treatment and equal access to opportunities.
自由指的是不受不公正控制地思考、言论和行动的能力。它常被区分为消极自由（免于干涉的自由）和积极自由（采取行动的能力）。平等关乎确保每个人获得公平待遇和平等的机会。
Justice means that people receive what they are due under fair laws, and disputes are settled by impartial judges. We can frame these ideals as simple formulas: Freedom = Rights – Unfair Restrictions. Equality = Equal Treatment + Level Playing Field. Justice = Fair Law + Impartial Courts.
正义意味着人们在公正的法律下得到应有的对待，争端由公正的法官解决。我们可以将这些理想概括为简单公式：自由 = 权利 − 不公正的限制。平等 = 平等待遇 + 公平竞争环境。正义 = 公正的法律 + 不偏不倚的法院。
Freedom = Rights – Unfair Restrictions
Equality = Equal Treatment + Level Playing Field
Justice = Fair Law + Impartial Courts
10. How a Law is Made in the UK | 英国法律制定过程
A proposal for a new law is called a bill. To become an Act of Parliament, a bill must be approved by both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and then receive Royal Assent. The journey can be summed up as: Law = Bill → Commons → Lords → Royal Assent.
新法律的提案称为法案。要成为议会法令，法案必须经下议院和上议院批准，然后获得御准。整个过程可概括为：法律 = 法案 → 下议院 → 上议院 → 御准。
The typical stages in the House of Commons are: First Reading (formal introduction), Second Reading (main debate on principles), Committee Stage (detailed line-by-line examination), Report Stage (further amendments), and Third Reading (final vote). The bill then goes to the Lords for a similar process before Royal Assent.
下议院的典型阶段为：一读（正式介绍），二读（就原则进行主要辩论），委员会阶段（逐行详细审查），报告阶段（进一步修正），以及三读（最终投票）。之后法案提交上议院进行类似程序，最后获御准。
Law = Bill → Commons Stages → Lords Stages → Royal Assent
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